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Intrathecal chemotherapy in dogs and cats
The only publication available in veterinary medicine regarding the use of intrathecal (IT) chemotherapy was published in 1984 and described a case series of eight dogs affected by CNS lymphoma, four of which received IT cytosine arabinoside as part of the treatment. Since then, no further studies have been performed to assess the safety of administration and the clinical efficacy of this procedure. In human medicine, the use of intra-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-administered chemotherapeutic agents is instead widely reported, and the side effects of this procedure are well described in several publications. (Source: Advances...
Source: Advances in Small Animal Medicine and Surgery - September 1, 2017 Category: Veterinary Research Tags: Oncology Source Type: research

Evaluation of the safety of early or late enteral nutrition in canine septic peritonitis
Septic peritonitis is a commonly treated condition in the veterinary critical care unit with a classically high mortality rate, although newer reports have shown a more favorable prognosis with a 64 to 85% survival rate. Negative prognostic indicators include hypoalbuminemia, intraoperative hypotension, and failure of lactate clearance. Animals with septic peritonitis often have prolonged anorexia postoperatively and have frequent gastrointestinal signs, including vomiting or regurgitation. Nutritional support is often considered in patients with septic peritonitis due to the high incidence of anorexia in this population a...
Source: Advances in Small Animal Medicine and Surgery - September 1, 2017 Category: Veterinary Research Tags: Surgery (Orthopedics) Source Type: research

Healing of canine skin incisions with monopolar electrosurgery versus scalpel blade
The use of monopolar electrosurgery for surgical hemostasis in humans has been well established. Its ability to prevent minor bleeding has proved valuable in veterinary surgery, although some anecdotal debate remains regarding its appropriate use. Tissue incision occurs with a low- voltage, continuous waveform, creating high temperatures locally, leading to vaporization and subsequent incision of the tissue. Coagulation results from an intermittent waveform at a higher voltage. The electrical charge is driven deeper into the tissue, limiting focal heating but generating more collateral tissue damage. (Source: Advances in S...
Source: Advances in Small Animal Medicine and Surgery - September 1, 2017 Category: Veterinary Research Tags: Surgery (Soft Tissue) Source Type: research

The Clinician-Pathologist Bond: More Important Than Ever
In the medical profession, the relationship between hospital clinicians and pathologists has not always been something to celebrate, at worst ranging from tolerance to outright hostility. Historically, medical pathologists did their work in the basement, the dark bowels of the building. What did that say about pathologists — why would anyone in their right mind want to go there? Attending clinicians and senior medical residents would dispatch their juniors to chase up cytology findings or autopsy results, hoping that the junior in question would return unscathed. (Source: Advances in Small Animal Medicine and Surgery)
Source: Advances in Small Animal Medicine and Surgery - August 1, 2017 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Brian Summers Tags: Guest Editorial Source Type: research

Standing CT for diagnosis of respiratory adenocarcinoma in a macaw
An adult female scarlet macaw (Ara macao) was referred for evaluation of increased respiratory noise. Previous treatment with antibiotic agents by the referring veterinarian did not improve clinical signs. Upon presentation, when manually restrained, the patient became severely tachypneic with increased respiratory effort. (Source: Advances in Small Animal Medicine and Surgery)
Source: Advances in Small Animal Medicine and Surgery - August 1, 2017 Category: Veterinary Research Tags: Avian Source Type: research

Occult GI bleeding, a common finding in dogs with chronic kidney disease
Human studies suggest that gastrointestinal (GI) hemorrhage is a frequent complication of acute renal failure (ARF). Reports also indicate that the incidence of occult gastrointestinal bleeding (OGIB) in human beings with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) requiring dialysis therapy is greater than that documented in the general population. However, no studies investigating the incidence of OGIB at various stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD) have been performed in veterinary or human medicine. Normocytic, normochromic, nonregenerative anemia results from a combination of a de ficient erythropoietin production by dysfunctio...
Source: Advances in Small Animal Medicine and Surgery - August 1, 2017 Category: Veterinary Research Tags: Clinical Pathology Source Type: research

Incidence of cysts with impacted teeth
“Missing” teeth are a fairly common occurrence in canine patients. Practitioners may not typically investigate these due to lack of outward clinical signs. However, there are often significant conseuences to “missing” teeth, despite the lack of outward clinical signs. There are four possible reasons for “missing” teeth, including congenitally missing, previously extracted or exfoliated, retained tooth roots, or impacted teeth. Two of these four etiologies are pathologic, and diagnosis generally requires dental radiographs. (Source: Advances in Small Animal Medicine and Surgery)
Source: Advances in Small Animal Medicine and Surgery - August 1, 2017 Category: Veterinary Research Tags: Dentistry Source Type: research

A serologic study of related and unrelated food allergens in dogs
Cutaneous adverse food reactions (AFRs) are a common cause of nonseasonal pruritus in dogs and can result from both immunological and nonimmunological reactions. The immunological mechanisms involved in cutaneous AFRs are complex and poorly understood. Early studies did not support a role for IgE in the pathogenesis, but the diagnosis of AFR in these dogs was based upon a 3-week elimination diet trial as opposed to the 8 to 10 weeks now considered mandatory. Results of lymphocyte blastogenesis and patch testing in dogs with AFR have suggested a role for cell-mediated hypersensitivity. (Source: Advances in Small Animal Medicine and Surgery)
Source: Advances in Small Animal Medicine and Surgery - August 1, 2017 Category: Veterinary Research Tags: Dermatology Source Type: research

Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin in cats with chronic renal disease
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is gradually progressive and is an irreversible disease in cats. The prevalence of CKD in cats has been reported to range from 1.6 to 20%, and the prevalence is increased to 31% in cats>15 years of age. Evaluation of CKD has mainly relied on testing renal function. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is considered to be the best index of renal function. (Source: Advances in Small Animal Medicine and Surgery)
Source: Advances in Small Animal Medicine and Surgery - August 1, 2017 Category: Veterinary Research Tags: Nephrology/Urology Source Type: research

Cardiac arrest in a dog during a deep ear flush
A 14-year-old spayed female American Cocker Spaniel with bilateral otitis media and no evidence of cardiovascular instability was anesthetized to allow performance of a deep ear flush. Otoscopic examination of the left ear revealed evidence of chronic inflammation. The ear was flushed with sterile saline solution. The right ear revealed more severe chronic inflammation than in the left ear, including a ruptured tympanum. The right ear was flushed with sterile saline solution, and several drops of otic medication were instilled. (Source: Advances in Small Animal Medicine and Surgery)
Source: Advances in Small Animal Medicine and Surgery - August 1, 2017 Category: Veterinary Research Tags: Neurology Source Type: research

Effects of various factors on radial and coccygeal arterial blood pressure in cats
Systemic hypertension is a common but insidious problem in cats. Persistent hypertension can produce changes in the eye, brain, kidney, and heart. Routine surveillance is necessary in cats with chronic kidney disease, advanced age, and hyperthyroidism. Conversely, hypotension can result in decreased survival statistics. Considering these problems, accurate monitoring of the blood pressure is essential in the treatment of critically ill cats. (Source: Advances in Small Animal Medicine and Surgery)
Source: Advances in Small Animal Medicine and Surgery - August 1, 2017 Category: Veterinary Research Tags: Surgery (Orthopedics) Source Type: research

Platelet-rich plasma on cutaneous wound healing
Wound healing is a complicated process mediated by physical, chemical, and cellular processes. The healing process is initiated by hemostasis and consists of inflammation, proliferation/repair, and remodeling, which are regulated by various cells, cytokines, and growth factors. Platelets play important roles in wound healing because of their hemostatic function and concentrated levels of naturally occurring cytokines and growth factors. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has been shown to be effective in tissue healing. (Source: Advances in Small Animal Medicine and Surgery)
Source: Advances in Small Animal Medicine and Surgery - August 1, 2017 Category: Veterinary Research Tags: Surgery (Soft Tissue) Source Type: research

Focused assessment with Sonography in Nontraumatized Dogs and Cats
The focused assessment with sonography for trauma (FAST) is a well-recognized sonographic protocol originally developed to evaluate human trauma patients.1 –3 The procedure has more recently been modified to assess veterinary trauma patients; the protocols have specifically been named abdominal- and thoracic- FAST (AFAST and TFAST).4–7 The main objective of this prospective study was to use AFAST and TFAST protocols to determine the prevalence of e ffusions in non-traumatized emergency room (ER) canine and feline patients. (Source: Advances in Small Animal Medicine and Surgery)
Source: Advances in Small Animal Medicine and Surgery - July 1, 2017 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: NANCY A. SANDERS Tags: Guest Editorial Source Type: research

Regional Anesthesia for Dental Procedures
Adjuncts to injectable and inhalant anesthetics have been used to produce analgesia and decrease the amount of general anesthetic necessary to maintain surgical planes of anesthesia. The minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) is used as a standard measure to evaluate the effect of analgesic drugs or adjunct techniques on inhalant anesthetic requirements. The MAC of an inhalant is defined as the minimum steady state alveolar concentration of an inhalation anesthetic required to prevent gross purposeful movement to a noxious stimulus in 50% of patients. (Source: Advances in Small Animal Medicine and Surgery)
Source: Advances in Small Animal Medicine and Surgery - July 1, 2017 Category: Veterinary Research Tags: Dentistry Source Type: research

Spontaneous Course of Biliary Sludge
Sludge within the gallbladder (GB) is commonly seen during ultrasonographic (US) examination and is de fined as the presence of gravity-dependent, nonshadowing, echogenic material within the lumen of the GB. The prevalence is not different among healthy dogs, dogs with hepatobiliary disease, or dogs with other diseases. However, dogs with sludge have decreased GB motility when compared to dogs witho ut biliary sludge, suggesting that biliary sludge might not be a benign process. Biliary stasis and modifications to bile within the GB promote the formation of biliary sludge, and it is associated with mucus hypersecretion. ...
Source: Advances in Small Animal Medicine and Surgery - July 1, 2017 Category: Veterinary Research Tags: Gastroenterology Source Type: research