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Introduction from the Editor
It is with great excitement that I have accepted the position of editor-in-chief of Advances in Small Animal Medicine and Surgery. The excitement is to put together a newsletter that provides practical and important information to practitioners. Veterinarians need a resource that is current and convenient to digest. ASMS remains an important compilation of practical information for veterinarians. There is always trepidation in following someone (C.B. Chastain) who has worked so diligently for 20 years to make this publication relevant. (Source: Advances in Small Animal Medicine and Surgery)
Source: Advances in Small Animal Medicine and Surgery - January 1, 2016 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: L.D. McGill Tags: Guest Editorial Source Type: research

Chronic Small Bowel Disease in Cats
Chronic vomiting is so common in cats that it is often just accepted as part of owning a cat. Clients with several cats often do not know which cat has vomited because “they all vomit frequently.” It is often blamed on eating too fast, having a “sensitive stomach,” or hairballs. (Source: Advances in Small Animal Medicine and Surgery)
Source: Advances in Small Animal Medicine and Surgery - January 1, 2016 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Gary D. Norsworthy Tags: Guest Editorial Source Type: research

Peripheral and systemic blood glucose levels in dogs and cats with acute arterial thromboembolism
Arterial thromboembolism (ATE) is a devastating condition in cats most commonly associated with cardiac disease and less frequently other diseases. In cats, ATE is manifested most commonly by an acute onset of unilateral or bilateral paresis or paraplegia, weak or absent arterial pulses, pain, altered footpads, and cold extremities of the affected limbs. The hind limbs are most commonly affected. ATE occurs less commonly in dogs than cats and is associated with a wider range of predisposing conditions. (Source: Advances in Small Animal Medicine and Surgery)
Source: Advances in Small Animal Medicine and Surgery - January 1, 2016 Category: Veterinary Research Tags: Critical Care Source Type: research

Volatile sulfur compounds effects on oral health
Although common in animals, oral malodor has not been studied as extensively in domestic animals as in humans. Breath malodor may originate from the mouth or an extra oral source, such as the gastrointestinal or respiratory systems, or even systemic disease. Oral malodor is a result of microbial metabolism of exogenous and endogenous proteinaceous substrates leading to the production of compounds such as indole, skatole, tyramine, cadaverine, puterescine, mercaptans, and sulphides. (Source: Advances in Small Animal Medicine and Surgery)
Source: Advances in Small Animal Medicine and Surgery - January 1, 2016 Category: Veterinary Research Tags: Dentistry Source Type: research

Characterization, treatment, and outcome of bacterial cholecystitis and bactibilia in dogs
Bacterial cholecystitis is uncommon in small animals, and published information is minimal. Apparent differences in susceptibility to bacterial cholecystitis between cats and dogs with cats having an increased susceptibility have been suggested to result from differences in pancreatic and bile duct anatomy. The pathogenesis is poorly understood. There are limited reports of hepatobiliary infections in dogs. (Source: Advances in Small Animal Medicine and Surgery)
Source: Advances in Small Animal Medicine and Surgery - January 1, 2016 Category: Veterinary Research Tags: Gastroenterology Source Type: research

Bacterial urinary tract infections associated with transitional cell carcinoma
Canine urinary tract neoplasia accounts for approximately 2% of all reported malignancies in dogs, with transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) being the most common. TCC may cause a failure of host barriers as a result of abnormal patterns of voiding, decreased mucosal defenses caused by changes in the uroepithelium, and by decreased antibacterial properties caused by alterations of urine pH or host defense by peptides. This can predispose to urinary tract infection (UTI). Although TCC causes functional and anatomic abnormalities that may perpetuate or predispose to UTI, the actual incidence of infection in tumor bearing dogs i...
Source: Advances in Small Animal Medicine and Surgery - January 1, 2016 Category: Veterinary Research Tags: Oncology Source Type: research

Clinical findings in dogs with dynamic pharyngeal collapse
Pharyngeal collapse refers to complete or partial collapse of the pharynx with dorsal displacement of the soft palate or ventral deviation of the dorsal pharyngeal wall. Most information about pharyngeal collapse in dogs is anecdotal and extrapolated from human medicine. A single case report describing dynamic pharyngeal collapse in the cat has been published, but there is no literature describing this disease in dogs. Brachiocephalic dogs experiencing long-term negative pressure gradients associated with increased inspiratory upper airway resistance may develop pathologic changes of the pharyngeal dilator muscles and ther...
Source: Advances in Small Animal Medicine and Surgery - January 1, 2016 Category: Veterinary Research Tags: Respiratory Medicine Source Type: research

Staged double-layer closure of palatal defects
Congenital and acquired-hard palate defects in dogs and cats are clinically relevant, because they often result in poor nursing, with growth retardation and/or malnutrition, chronic rhinitis, and aspiration pneumonia. Traditionally, hard-palate defects are repaired using local mucosal flaps to cover the area and anatomically isolate the oral from the nasal cavity. However, a common challenge is large defect size and a relatively small amount of surrounding soft tissues, which may impede successful repair. (Source: Advances in Small Animal Medicine and Surgery)
Source: Advances in Small Animal Medicine and Surgery - January 1, 2016 Category: Veterinary Research Tags: Surgery (Soft Tissue) Source Type: research

The Great Spay/Neuter Debate: Does Early Gonadectomy Prevent or Cause Disease in Dogs?
Traditionally, veterinarians have recommended that dogs be spayed or neutered at approximately 6 months of age. For most pet owners and veterinarians, this is a convenient time. It allows pets to complete their initial vaccine series while still performing the procedure prior to sexual maturity. After all, it is common to recommend spaying prior to a pet's first estrus period to help protect against mammary cancer. Likewise, it is common to recommend castration prior to the onset of undesirable behaviors, such as aggression and urine marking, which can be associated with male sexual maturity. (Source: Advances in Small Ani...
Source: Advances in Small Animal Medicine and Surgery - December 1, 2015 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Tina M. Wolfe Tags: Guest Editorial Source Type: research

Goiter in budgerigars
Goiter (abnormally enlarged thyroid) is often the result of dietary iodine deficiency but also has been attributed to consumption of goitrogenic substances, toxicity by iodine and other substances, and to hereditary factors, including autosomal recessive inheritance in goats. Acquired goiter remains endemic in some areas because of a lack of, or despite, iodine supplementation. (Source: Advances in Small Animal Medicine and Surgery)
Source: Advances in Small Animal Medicine and Surgery - December 1, 2015 Category: Veterinary Research Tags: Avian Source Type: research

Music effects on respiratory rate and pupil diameter in anesthetized cats
Music has different physiological and psychological effects on animals. Music appears to be a useful tool in terms of welfare, leading to a decrease in stress and anxiety. In a surgical context, there is evidence that pre, intra- or postoperative exposure to musical stimuli is beneficial for the patient, reducing perceived pain, anxiety and stress, as well as decreasing in anesthetic and analgesic requirements. (Source: Advances in Small Animal Medicine and Surgery)
Source: Advances in Small Animal Medicine and Surgery - December 1, 2015 Category: Veterinary Research Tags: Behavior Source Type: research

Agreement between pancreatic ultrasonography and lipase assay in cats with suspected pancreatitis
Pancreatitis may be a common disease in cats. However, antemortem diagnosis remains challenging because of vague clinical signs and nonspecific changes in hemograms and serum biochemical analysis results. At present, feline pancreas-specific lipase concentration determination and pancreatic ultrasonography are the 2 tests generally considered to be key tools for diagnosing pancreatitis in cats. (Source: Advances in Small Animal Medicine and Surgery)
Source: Advances in Small Animal Medicine and Surgery - December 1, 2015 Category: Veterinary Research Tags: Clinical Pathology Source Type: research

Antibiotic susceptibility trends in urinary tract infections
Bacterial urinary tract infections (UTIs) are common in dogs. They occur in approximately 14% of dogs at some time in their life. In one study of 237 euthanized dogs, the incidence of UTIs was 26.6% in females and 6.2% in males. Urinary tract infections can be classified as simple uncomplicated, which is a sporadic bacterial infection in an otherwise healthy individual, or complicated, which is defined as a UTI that occurs in the presence of an anatomic or functional abnormality or a comorbidity that may predispose the patient to persistent infection, recurrent infection, or treatment failure. (Source: Advances in Small An...
Source: Advances in Small Animal Medicine and Surgery - December 1, 2015 Category: Veterinary Research Tags: Nephrology/Urology Source Type: research

Viral infections associated with pneumonia
Bacterial pneumonia (BP) is an acquired inflammation of the lower airways and lung parenchyma secondary to bacterial infection. In healthy dogs, BP is difficult to induce experimentally which suggests the pathogenesis is complex and involves underlying mechanisms. Possible predisposing factors for the development of BP are diseases leading to aspiration, decreased ciliary function, or immunodeficiency. However, the role of canine respiratory viruses in the development of BP and the possible connection between canine infectious respiratory disease (CIRD) and BP have not yet been fully evaluated. (Source: Advances in Small A...
Source: Advances in Small Animal Medicine and Surgery - December 1, 2015 Category: Veterinary Research Tags: Respiratory Medicine Source Type: research

Methods of onychectomy
Onychectomy (declaw) is an elective surgery that requires removal of the third phalanx that renders cats unable to scratch. The most common method of onychectomy is disarticulation and removal of the third phalanx (P3) by laser, scalpel, or nail trimmer. The use of a nail trimmer is referred to as the guillotine method and is used to disarticulate the third phalanx or amputate the third phalanx below the ungual process, leaving the flexor process. (Source: Advances in Small Animal Medicine and Surgery)
Source: Advances in Small Animal Medicine and Surgery - December 1, 2015 Category: Veterinary Research Tags: Surgery(Soft Tissue) Source Type: research