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The self-esteem of adults diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): a systematic review of the literature
Abstract Individuals with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) often grow up with negative messages surrounding their abilities and may experience adverse outcomes throughout their lives. Despite this, by adulthood, those with ADHD often find that they are left without adequate support from services. This review explores the relationship between self-esteem and ADHD in adulthood with a view to outlining needs and potential opportunities in terms of service provision. Twelve databases were searched for relevant literature published between 1980 and 2013 using terms relating to self-esteem, ADH...
Source: ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders - November 24, 2014 Category: Psychiatry Source Type: research

Utility of cognitive neuropsychological assessment in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Abstract The present review addresses the question of whether and how neuropsychological tests assessing cognition in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) can contribute to clinical and scientific issues concerning ADHD. Neuropsychological studies have shown various though inconsistent cognitive deficits in patients with ADHD. While patients with ADHD, at group level, may differ from healthy participants in regard to cognitive functioning, there is no distinct psychometric cognitive test or profile allowing an individual diagnosis of ADHD or the identification of subtypes according to DSM. Ps...
Source: ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders - November 24, 2014 Category: Psychiatry Source Type: research

Treatment compliance or medication adherence in children and adolescents on ADHD medication in clinical practice: results from the COMPLY observational study
Abstract Although the efficacy and tolerability of ADHD medications have been investigated fairly extensively, there are very few data comparing the different types of medication (e.g. psychostimulants, non-stimulants) in terms of medication adherence. The primary research objective of the COMPLY observational study was to evaluate medication adherence (i.e. compliance) over 1 year in children and adolescents with ADHD in a routine clinical setting. COMPLY was a prospective 12-month, observational, open-label study that included children and adolescents, aged 6–17 years, with ADHD. Medication adherenc...
Source: ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders - November 21, 2014 Category: Psychiatry Source Type: research

Effectiveness and safety of a long-acting, once-daily, two-phase release formulation of methylphenidate (Ritalin ® LA) in school children under daily practice conditions
The objective was to evaluate effectiveness of a two-phase release formulation (Ritalin® LA) under daily practice conditions. This was a prospective, multicenter, observational study in Germany. Eligibility and dosing were determined by the physician based on the drug label. Outcomes included changes over 3 months of treatment in assessments of effect duration, clinical global impression (CGI), and quality of life (ILK). In 101 sites, 262 patients (197 boys, 63 girls, and two unknown) with a mean age of 10.9 years were enrolled; 50 were treated for the first time; 212 switched medication to Ritalin® LA. After 3 months...
Source: ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders - October 28, 2014 Category: Psychiatry Source Type: research

Increasing incidence and diagnostic instability in adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder nationwide between 1995 and 2012
Abstract Increasing numbers of adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) patients are reported. Co-occurring disorders are reported, and treatment with pharmacological stimulants (PS) increases. The aim of this study was to analyse the incidence of adult ADHD in Denmark between 1995 and 2012 and the diagnostic stability and the diagnoses of patients contraindicating treatment with PS. This was a nationwide register-based study of patients diagnosed with ADHD aged ≥ 18 years between 1995 and 2012. The study included 6,701 patients. Incidence increases exponentially; 40.4 % of all patients...
Source: ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders - October 11, 2014 Category: Psychiatry Source Type: research

Hyperactivity and sensation seeking as autoregulatory attempts to stabilize brain arousal in ADHD and mania?
Abstract Hypoarousal as indicated by skin conductance and electroencephalography (EEG) has been discussed as a pathogenetic factor in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The aim of this paper was to review these arousal-related pathogenetic concepts and to present the more recently proposed vigilance regulation model of affective disorders and ADHD. The latter builds on methodological advances in classifying short EEG segments into vigilance stages (Vigilance Algorithm Leipzig, VIGALL), indicating different states of global brain function (“brain arousal”). VIGALL allows the objective a...
Source: ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders - September 1, 2014 Category: Psychiatry Source Type: research

Sons and daughters beyond your control: episodes in the prehistory of the attention deficit/hyperactivity syndrome
Abstract Hyperactive and inattentive children have been discussed in both the pedagogic and medical literature since the nineteenth century, and many controversies associated with attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have been repeatedly analyzed in different contexts. The ‘prehistory’ of the ADHD concept—that is, up to the definition of ADHD in DSM-III and of the corresponding ‘hyperkinetic disorder’ in ICD-9—is outlined, with an emphasis on the literature not previously discussed in English language reviews of the subject. (Source: ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders)
Source: ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders - September 1, 2014 Category: Psychiatry Source Type: research

The neurobiological link between OCD and ADHD
This article reviews the current literature of neuroimaging, neurochemical circuitry, neuropsychological and genetic findings considering similarities as well as differences between OCD and ADHD. (Source: ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders)
Source: ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders - September 1, 2014 Category: Psychiatry Source Type: research

Differentiation between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder by the Social Communication Questionnaire
Abstract The differentiation of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) poses a clinical challenge. In children, overlap of psychopathological and cognitive findings has been found for both disorders. In addition, some children suffer from both disorders. The Social Communication Questionnaire (SCQ) is a screening instrument for ASD symptoms which indicates the presence of ASD in a rapid and economic way. However, validity to differentiate ASD and ADHD as differential or comorbid diagnoses has not been studied. Here, the differential validity was compare...
Source: ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders - September 1, 2014 Category: Psychiatry Source Type: research

Whole-body vibration improves cognitive functions of an adult with ADHD
Abstract Adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with a variety of cognitive impairments, which were shown to affect academic achievement and quality of life. Current treatment strategies, such as stimulant drug treatment, were demonstrated to effectively improve cognitive functions of patients with ADHD. However, most treatment strategies are associated with a number of disadvantages in a considerable proportion of patients, such as unsatisfactory effects, adverse clinical side effects or high financial costs. In order to address limitations of current treatment strat...
Source: ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders - September 1, 2014 Category: Psychiatry Source Type: research

Oxytocin plasma concentrations in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder: correlation with autistic symptomatology
Abstract Findings from research in animal models and humans have shown a clear role for the neuropeptide oxytocin (OT) on complex social behaviors. This is also true in the context of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Previous studies on peripheral OT concentrations in children and young adults have reported conflicting results with the initial studies presenting mainly decreased OT plasma levels in ASD compared to healthy controls. Our study therefore aimed to further investigate changes in peripheral OT concentrations as a potential surrogate for the effects observed in the central nervous system (CNS...
Source: ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders - September 1, 2014 Category: Psychiatry Source Type: research

On the occasion of Manfred W. J. Gerlach’s 60th anniversary
(Source: ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders)
Source: ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders - September 1, 2014 Category: Psychiatry Source Type: research

A short review on the relation between the dopamine transporter 10/10-repeat allele and ADHD: implications for HIV infection
Abstract The dopamine transporter (DAT) is a functional element of the dopaminergic synapse in the brain. Its primary role is the regulation of dopamine (DA) availability by forward and reverse transport of DA from and to the synaptic cleft by which extracellular DA concentrations are being regulated. The DAT gene and especially the DAT 10/10 genotype have been intensively discussed as a candidate for several neuropsychiatric disorders including attention-deficit–hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). We found recently that the DAT 10/10 genotype is associated with increased levels of CSF DA and is present mo...
Source: ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders - September 1, 2014 Category: Psychiatry Source Type: research

Adult ADHD and suicide
Abstract While suicidal behaviour has been implicated in a plethora of psychiatric disorders including depression, psychoses and substance abuse, its association with adult ADHD is largely under-researched. Given that emotional instability and the high prevalence of comorbid conditions such as mood disorders and alcohol/drug dependence are typical for ADHD, the question of suicide risk must not be neglected in this patient group. A review of the current literature focusing on this issue provides strong evidence that ADHD patients are at a significant risk for experiencing suicidal ideations and committi...
Source: ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders - September 1, 2014 Category: Psychiatry Source Type: research

Relationship between symptom impairment and treatment outcome in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a physician perspective
Abstract We evaluated the association between those symptoms/behaviours of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) that were present at diagnosis and outcomes of treatment in children and adolescents in six European countries. Physicians abstracted clinical records from patients (6–17 years) diagnosed with ADHD between 2004 and 2007 and treated for ≥2 years. Physicians scored the severity of impairment for core ADHD symptoms and additional (non-core) ADHD symptoms/behaviours at diagnosis and estimated treatment adherence (defined as an estimated >80 % adherence on weekdays and >50 % ...
Source: ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders - August 23, 2014 Category: Psychiatry Source Type: research