Basic biology and role of interleukin‐17 in immunity and inflammation
Abstract
Interleukin‐17 (also known as interleukin‐17A) is a key cytokine that links T‐cell activation to neutrophil mobilization and activation. As such, interleukin‐17 can mediate protective innate immunity to pathogens or contribute to the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases, such as psoriasis and rheumatoid arthritis. This review summarizes the basic biology of interleukin‐17 and discusses its emerging role in periodontal disease. The current burden of evidence from human and animal model studies suggests that the net effect of interleukin‐17 signaling promotes disease development. In addition to promotin...
Source: Periodontology 2000 - August 7, 2015 Category: Dentistry Authors: Camille Zenobia, George Hajishengallis Tags: Review Article Source Type: research
The role of natural killer cells in periodontitis
Abstract
Periodontitis is the most common chronic inflammatory disease of humans. The microbial etiology of the disease is well documented, as is the major role of the host response in disease pathogenesis. As natural killer cells are one of the most important components of innate immunity against bacteria and viruses, they can be expected to act as major players in the development of the disease. Through direct interaction with periodontal pathogens, natural killer cells produce pro‐inflammatory cytokines that subsequently may lead to tissue destruction. Indeed, using a murine periodontitis model, such mechanisms have b...
Source: Periodontology 2000 - August 7, 2015 Category: Dentistry Authors: Asaf Wilensky, Stella Chaushu, Lior Shapira Tags: Review Article Source Type: research
Neutrophil activation and periodontal tissue injury
Abstract
Neutrophilic polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNL) track, engage and eliminate foreign entities, including bacteria, fungi and subcellular particles. PMNL are the major host‐cell line involved in the acute response during the early stages of infections, including those in the oral cavity. Rather short lived, they are among the fastest moving cells in the human body and travel great distances only to be immolated after encountering and neutralizing antigens. Although their role as the first line of host defense is well established, their role in chronic granulomatous inflammations, diseases and infections remains p...
Source: Periodontology 2000 - August 7, 2015 Category: Dentistry Authors: Jens Martin Herrmann, Jörg Meyle Tags: Review Article Source Type: research
Diverse functions of defensins and other antimicrobial peptides in periodontal tissues
Abstract
Defensins are antimicrobial peptides that exhibit direct microbicidal activity as well as mediator‐like functions by, for example, activating immature dendritic cells. This review focuses on defensins and other antimicrobial peptides that are present in periodontal tissues. Their antimicrobial capacity against periodontal microorganisms, their regulation and their expression profiles during periodontal diseases is discussed. As antimicrobial peptides may possess great potential for new diagnostic, preventive and therapeutic strategies, a better understanding of how antimicrobial peptides are regulated as part of...
Source: Periodontology 2000 - August 7, 2015 Category: Dentistry Authors: Henrik Dommisch, Søren Jepsen Tags: Review Article Source Type: research
The inflammasome and danger molecule signaling: at the crossroads of inflammation and pathogen persistence in the oral cavity
Abstract
Inflammasomes are an oligomeric assembly of multiprotein complexes that activate the caspase‐1‐dependent maturation and the subsequent secretion of inflammatory interleukin‐1beta and interleukin‐18 cytokines in response to a ‘danger signal’ in vertebrates. The assessment of their significance continues to grow rapidly as the complex biology of various chronic inflammatory conditions is better dissected. Increasing evidence strongly links inflammasomes and host‐derived small ‘danger molecule ATP’ signaling with the modulation of the host immune response by microbial colonizers as well as with pote...
Source: Periodontology 2000 - August 7, 2015 Category: Dentistry Authors: Özlem Yilmaz, Kyu Lim Lee Tags: Review Article Source Type: research
Oral keratinocyte stem/progenitor cells: specific markers, molecular signaling pathways and potential uses
Abstract
Oral keratinocyte stem cells reside in the basal layers of the oral epithelium, representing a minor population of cells with a great potential to self‐renew and proliferate over the course of their lifetime. As a result of the potential uses of oral keratinocyte stem cells in regenerative medicine and the key roles they play in tissue homeostasis, inflammatory conditions, wound healing and tumor initiation and progression, intense scientific efforts are currently being undertaken to identify, separate and reprogram these cells. Although currently there is no specific marker that can characterize and isolate ora...
Source: Periodontology 2000 - August 7, 2015 Category: Dentistry Authors: Bogdan Calenic, Maria Greabu, Constantin Caruntu, Cristiana Tanase, Maurizio Battino Tags: Review Article Source Type: research
Epithelial barrier and oral bacterial infection
Abstract
The oral epithelial barrier separates the host from the environment and provides the first line of defense against pathogens, exogenous substances and mechanical stress. It consists of underlying connective tissue and a stratified keratinized epithelium with a basement membrane, whose cells undergo terminal differentiation resulting in the formation of a mechanically resistant surface. Gingival keratinocytes are connected by various transmembrane proteins, such as tight junctions, adherens junctions and gap junctions, each of which has a specialized structure and specific functions. Periodontal pathogens are able ...
Source: Periodontology 2000 - August 7, 2015 Category: Dentistry Authors: Sabine E. Groeger, Joerg Meyle Tags: Review Article Source Type: research
Periodontal herpesviruses: prevalence, pathogenicity, systemic risk
Abstract
Periodontitis is an infectious/inflammatory disease characterized by the loss of periodontal ligament and alveolar bone. Herpesviruses are frequent inhabitants of periodontitis lesions, and the periodontopathogenicity of these viruses is the topic of this review. In 26 recent studies from 15 countries, subgingival cytomegalovirus, Epstein–Barr virus and herpes simplex virus type 1, respectively, yielded median prevalences of 49%, 45% and 63% in aggressive periodontitis, 40%, 32% and 45% in chronic periodontitis, and 3%, 7% and 12% in healthy periodontium. An active herpesvirus infection of the periodontium exhib...
Source: Periodontology 2000 - August 7, 2015 Category: Dentistry Authors: Jørgen Slots Tags: Review Article Source Type: research
Microbial protection and virulence in periodontal tissue as a function of polymicrobial communities: symbiosis and dysbiosis
Abstract
This review discusses polymicrobial interactions with the host in both health and disease. As our ability to identify specific bacterial clonal types, with respect to their abundance and location in the oral biofilm, improves, we will learn more concerning their contribution to both oral health and disease. Recent studies examining host– bacteria interactions have revealed that commensal bacteria not only protect the host simply by niche occupation, but that bacterial interactions with host tissue can promote the development of proper tissue structure and function. These data indicate that our host‐associated ...
Source: Periodontology 2000 - August 7, 2015 Category: Dentistry Authors: Frank A. Roberts, Richard P. Darveau Tags: Review Article Source Type: research
Wound models for periodontal and bone regeneration: the role of biologic research
Abstract
The ultimate goals of periodontal therapy remain the complete regeneration of those periodontal tissues lost to the destructive inflammatory‐immune response, or to trauma, with tissues that possess the same structure and function, and the re‐establishment of a sustainable health‐promoting biofilm from one characterized by dysbiosis. This volume of Periodontology 2000 discusses the multiple facets of a transition from therapeutic empiricism during the late 1960s, toward regenerative therapies, which is founded on a clearer understanding of the biophysiology of normal structure and function. This introductory ...
Source: Periodontology 2000 - April 13, 2015 Category: Dentistry Authors: Anton Sculean, Iain L. C. Chapple, William V. Giannobile Tags: Original Article Source Type: research
Clinical approaches to treat peri‐implant mucositis and peri‐implantitis
Abstract
Therapies proposed for the treatment of peri‐implant diseases are primarily based on the evidence available from treating periodontitis. The primary objective is elimination of the biofilm from the implant surface, and nonsurgical therapy is a commonly used treatment. A number of adjunctive therapies have been introduced to overcome accessibility problems or difficulties with decontamination of implant surfaces as a result of specific surface characteristics. It is now accepted that following successful decontamination, clinicians can attempt to regenerate the bone that was lost as a result of infection. The ult...
Source: Periodontology 2000 - April 13, 2015 Category: Dentistry Authors: Stefan Renvert, Ioannis N. Polyzois Tags: Original Article Source Type: research
Periodontal plastic surgery
Abstract
The aim of the present article is to summarize current knowledge in terms of the etiology, diagnosis, prognosis and surgical treatment of gingival recession. Whilst the main etiological factors (i.e. toothbrushing trauma and bacterial plaque) are well established, challenges still remain to be solved in the diagnostic, prognostic and classification processes of gingival recession, especially when the main reference parameter – the cemento–enamel junction – is no longer detectable on the affected tooth or when there is a slight loss of periodontal interdental attachment. Root coverage in single type gingival ...
Source: Periodontology 2000 - April 13, 2015 Category: Dentistry Authors: Giovanni Zucchelli, Ilham Mounssif Tags: Original Article Source Type: research
Clinical concepts for regenerative therapy in furcations
Abstract
Furcation involvements present one of the greatest challenges in periodontal therapy because furcation‐involved molar teeth respond less favorably to conventional periodontal therapy compared with noninvolved molar or nonmolar teeth. Various regenerative procedures have been proposed and applied with the aim of eliminating the furcation defect or reducing the furcation depth. An abundance of studies and several systematic reviews have established the effectiveness of membrane therapy (guided tissue regeneration) for buccal Class II furcation involvement of mandibular and maxillary molars compared with open flap ...
Source: Periodontology 2000 - April 13, 2015 Category: Dentistry Authors: Mariano Sanz, Karin Jepsen, Peter Eickholz, Søren Jepsen Tags: Original Article Source Type: research
Clinical concepts for regenerative therapy in intrabony defects
Abstract
Evidence indicates that periodontal regeneration is an efficacious and predictable procedure for the treatment of isolated and multiple intrabony defects. Meta‐analyses from systematic reviews indicate an added benefit, in terms of clinical attachment level gain, when demineralized freeze‐dried bone allograft, barrier membranes and active biologic products/compounds are applied in addition to open flap debridement. On the other hand, a consistent amount of variability of the outcomes is evident among different studies and within the experimental population of each study. This variability is explained, at least...
Source: Periodontology 2000 - April 13, 2015 Category: Dentistry Authors: Pierpaolo Cortellini, Maurizio S. Tonetti Tags: Original Article Source Type: research
Influence of suturing on wound healing
Abstract
The present article describes the significance of suturing and appropriate suture materials in current periodontal and implant surgery. Synthetic, nonresorbable, monofilament threads appear to be advantageous. The physical and biological properties of such threads remain unchanged with use and, when used in small diameters (i.e. with lower breaking resistance), seem to promote passive wound closure. Wound healing at hard, nonshedding surfaces is conceptually a more complex process than is wound healing in most other sites of the oral cavity. Firm adaptation and stabilization of the flaps by optimal suturing ensure...
Source: Periodontology 2000 - April 13, 2015 Category: Dentistry Authors: Rino Burkhardt, Niklaus P. Lang Tags: Original Article Source Type: research
