Salivary biomarkers for dental caries
Abstract
As a highly prevalent multifactorial disease, dental caries afflicts a large proportion of the world's population. As teeth are constantly bathed in saliva, the constituents and properties of this oral fluid play an essential role in the occurrence and progression of dental caries. Various inorganic (water and electrolytes) and organic (proteins and peptides) components may protect teeth from dental caries. This occurs via several functions, such as clearance of food debris and sugar, aggregation and elimination of microorganisms, buffering actions to neutralize acid, maintaining supersaturation with respect to to...
Source: Periodontology 2000 - December 10, 2015 Category: Dentistry Authors: Xiaoli Gao, Shan Jiang, David Koh, Chin‐Ying Stephen Hsu Tags: Review Article Source Type: research
Salivary changes in oral mucosal diseases
This article discusses the causes and consequences of salivary hypofunction and presents a review of the literature related to changes in salivary parameters in various oral mucosal diseases and in systemic diseases with possible oral mucosal involvement. (Source: Periodontology 2000)
Source: Periodontology 2000 - December 10, 2015 Category: Dentistry Authors: Yazan Hassona, Crispian Scully Tags: Review Article Source Type: research
Saliva and viral infections
Abstract
Over the last 10 years there have been only a handful of publications dealing with the oral virome, which is in contrast to the oral microbiome, an area that has seen considerable interest. Here, we survey viral infections in general and then focus on those viruses that are found in and/or are transmitted via the oral cavity; norovirus, rabies, human papillomavirus, Epstein‐Barr virus, herpes simplex viruses, hepatitis C virus, and HIV. Increasingly, viral infections have been diagnosed using an oral sample (e.g. saliva mucosal transudate or an oral swab) instead of blood or urine. The results of two studies usi...
Source: Periodontology 2000 - December 10, 2015 Category: Dentistry Authors: Paul L. A. M. Corstjens, William R. Abrams, Daniel Malamud Tags: Review Article Source Type: research
Influence of saliva on the oral microbiota
Abstract
Saliva plays a major role in determining the composition and activity of the oral microbiota, via a variety of mechanisms. Molecules, mainly from saliva, form a conditioning film on oral surfaces, thus providing receptors for bacterial attachment. The attached cells use saliva components, such as glycoproteins, as their main source of nutrients for growth. Oral bacteria work sequentially and in a concerted manner to catabolize these structurally complex molecules. Saliva also buffers the pH in the biofilm to around neutrality, creating an environment which is conducive to the growth of many oral bacteria that prov...
Source: Periodontology 2000 - December 10, 2015 Category: Dentistry Authors: Philip D. Marsh, Thuy Do, David Beighton, Deirdre A. Devine Tags: Review Article Source Type: research
Clinical and technical considerations in the analysis of gingival crevicular fluid
Abstract
Despite the technical challenges involved when collecting, processing and analyzing gingival crevicular fluid samples, research using gingival crevicular fluid has, and will continue to play, a fundamental role in expanding our understanding of periodontal pathogenesis and healing outcomes following treatment. A review of the literature, however, clearly demonstrates that there is considerable variation in the methods used for collection, processing and analysis of gingival crevicular fluid samples by different research groups around the world. Inconsistent or inadequate reporting impairs interpretation of results...
Source: Periodontology 2000 - December 10, 2015 Category: Dentistry Authors: Rebecca R. Wassall, Philip M. Preshaw Tags: Review Article Source Type: research
Gingival crevicular fluid as a source of biomarkers for periodontitis
Abstract
In evaluating the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases, the diagnostic potential of gingival crevicular fluid has been extensively explored during the last twenty years, from initially just confirming health and disease states to more recently investigating it as a potential prognostic tool. As host susceptibility is a critical determinant in periodontal disease pathogenesis, the inflammatory mediator levels present in gingival crevicular fluid represent relevant risk indicators for disease activity. Considerable work has been carried out to identify the many different cytokine inflammatory pathways and microbial ...
Source: Periodontology 2000 - December 10, 2015 Category: Dentistry Authors: Silvana P. Barros, Ray Williams, Steven Offenbacher, Thiago Morelli Tags: Review Article Source Type: research
The emerging landscape of salivary diagnostics
Abstract
Saliva contains a variety of biomolecules, including DNA, coding and noncoding RNA, proteins, metabolites and microbiota. The changes in the salivary levels of these molecular constituents can be used to develop markers for disease detection and risk assessment. Use of saliva as an early‐detection tool is a promising approach because collection of saliva is easy and noninvasive. Here, we review recent developments in salivary diagnostics, accomplished using salivaomics approaches, including genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, metabolomic and microbiomic technologies. Additionally, we illustrate the mechanisms of...
Source: Periodontology 2000 - December 10, 2015 Category: Dentistry Authors: Yong Zhang, Jie Sun, Chien‐Chung Lin, Elliot Abemayor, Marilene B. Wang, David T. W. Wong Tags: Review Article Source Type: research
Personalized medicine: an update of salivary biomarkers for periodontal diseases
This article provides an up‐to‐date review of the more robust salivary biomarkers, as well as of panels of combinatorial markers and periodontal pathogens, that reveal high sensitivity and specificity for enhancing clinical decision‐making in periodontal disease progression, risk and diagnosis. Periodontal diseases are complex and require an inflammatory response to bacterial pathogens in a susceptible host to stimulate tissue destruction. When used alone, traditional clinical assessments provide a diagnosis of periodontitis only after the biologic onset of the disease process, and are unable to substantiate disease ...
Source: Periodontology 2000 - December 10, 2015 Category: Dentistry Authors: Dina L. Korte, Janet Kinney Tags: Review Article Source Type: research
The physiology of salivary secretion
Abstract
Saliva in the mouth is a biofluid produced mainly by three pairs of major salivary glands – the submandibular, parotid and sublingual glands – along with secretions from many minor submucosal salivary glands. Salivary gland secretion is a nerve‐mediated reflex and the volume of saliva secreted is dependent on the intensity and type of taste and on chemosensory, masticatory or tactile stimulation. Long periods of low (resting or unstimulated) flow are broken by short periods of high flow, which is stimulated by taste and mastication. The nerve‐mediated salivary reflex is modulated by nerve signals from othe...
Source: Periodontology 2000 - December 10, 2015 Category: Dentistry Authors: Gordon B. Proctor Tags: Review Article Source Type: research
Molecular aspects of the pathogenesis of periodontitis
Abstract
The past decade of basic research in periodontology has driven radical changes in our understanding and perceptions of the pathogenic processes that drive periodontal tissue destruction. The core elements of the classical model of disease pathogenesis, developed by Page & Kornman in 1997, remain pertinent today; however, our understanding of the dynamic interactions between the various microbial and host factors has changed significantly. The molecular era has unraveled aspects of genetics, epigenetics, lifestyle and environmental factors that, in combination, influence biofilm composition and the host's infla...
Source: Periodontology 2000 - August 9, 2015 Category: Dentistry Authors: Joerg Meyle, Iain Chapple Tags: Review Article Source Type: research
Activation and resolution of periodontal inflammation and its systemic impact
Abstract
Inflammation is a highly organized event impacting upon organs, tissues and biological systems. Periodontal diseases are characterized by dysregulation or dysfunction of resolution pathways of inflammation that results in failure to heal and in a dominant chronic, progressive, destructive and predominantly unresolved inflammation. The biological consequences of inflammatory processes may be independent of the etiological agents, such as trauma, microbial organisms and stress. The impact of the inflammatory pathological process depends upon the tissues or organ system affected. Whilst mediators are similar, there i...
Source: Periodontology 2000 - August 7, 2015 Category: Dentistry Authors: Hatice Hasturk, Alpdogan Kantarci Tags: Review Article Source Type: research
Local inflammatory reactions in patients with diabetes and periodontitis
Abstract
The impact of diabetes mellitus on the prevalence, severity and progression of periodontal disease has been known for many years and intense efforts have been made to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. It is widely reported that hyperglycemia causes numerous systemic changes, including altered innate immune‐cell function and metabolic changes. The aim of this review was to summarize and discuss the evidence for mechanisms that probably play a role in the altered local inflammatory reactions in the periodontium of patients with diabetes, focusing on local changes in cytokine levels, matrix metalloproteinases, r...
Source: Periodontology 2000 - August 7, 2015 Category: Dentistry Authors: Sarah K. Sonnenschein, Joerg Meyle Tags: Review Article Source Type: research
Mini but mighty: microRNAs in the pathobiology of periodontal disease
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a family of small, noncoding RNA molecules that negatively regulate protein expression either by inhibiting initiation of the translation of mRNA or by inducing the degradation of mRNA molecules. Accumulating evidence suggests that miRNA‐mediated repression of protein expression is of paramount importance in a broad range of physiologic and pathologic conditions. In particular, miRNA‐induced dysregulation of molecular processes involved in inflammatory pathways has been shown to contribute to the development of chronic inflammatory diseases. In this review, first of all we provide an ove...
Source: Periodontology 2000 - August 7, 2015 Category: Dentistry Authors: Moritz Kebschull, Panos N. Papapanou Tags: Review Article Source Type: research
T‐ and B‐cell subsets in periodontitis
Abstract
A large amount of information is available, in the medical literature, on the molecular and immunological mechanisms in which T‐ and B‐cells are involved in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases. This review attempts to describe the most important features of the T‐cell subsets and their cytokine networks in periodontitis, including the interaction of pathogens with different cell subsets and their gene‐expression profiles. Additionally, the known interactions of T‐ and B‐cell subsets in periodontitis are described. The purpose of this article was to provide an overview of the cell interactions and...
Source: Periodontology 2000 - August 7, 2015 Category: Dentistry Authors: José R. Gonzales Tags: Review Article Source Type: research
Dendritic cells: microbial clearance via autophagy and potential immunobiological consequences for periodontal disease
Abstract
Dendritic cells are potent antigen‐capture and antigen‐presenting cells that play a key role in the initiation and regulation of the adaptive immune response. This process of immune homeostasis, as maintained by dendritic cells, is susceptible to dysregulation by certain pathogens during chronic infections. Such dysregulation may lead to disease perpetuation with potentially severe systemic consequences. Here we discuss in detail how intracellular pathogens exploit dendritic cells and escape degradation by altering or evading autophagy. This novel mechanism explains, in part, the chronic, persistent nature obs...
Source: Periodontology 2000 - August 7, 2015 Category: Dentistry Authors: Ahmed R. El‐Awady, Roger M. Arce, Christopher W. Cutler Tags: Review Article Source Type: research
