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Preemption, the Virus-Serum-Toxin Act, and the USDA: a case study using iatrogenic abortion due to BoHV-1 vaccines in pregnant cows
Publication date: May–July 2015 Source:New Horizons in Translational Medicine, Volume 2, Issues 4–5 Author(s): D O’Toole, MM Miller Three major vaccine manufacturers in the United States currently sell multivalent vaccines containing modified live bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) for use in pregnant cattle. The first of these products entered the US market in 2003. Yet it has been known since the early 1960s that vaccinal BoHV-1 causes abortion in cattle. The products became popular as they can be used year-round, regardless of pregnancy status in herds. Abortifacient effects have been considered to be minimal, ...
Source: New Horizons in Translational Medicine - September 13, 2015 Category: Research Source Type: research

Roche Research Portfolio: Trusted Performance, Efficient Workflow Solutions
Publication date: May–July 2015 Source:New Horizons in Translational Medicine, Volume 2, Issues 4–5 Author(s): D Konet Along with Roche Pharmaceuticals, Roche Diagnostics is an important part of the foundation that modern healthcare builds upon. Our broad range of innovative diagnostic tests and systems play a pivotal role in the groundbreaking area of integrated healthcare solutions and cover the early detection, targeted screening, evaluation and monitoring of disease. Roche Diagnostics is active in all market segments, from scientific research and clinical laboratory systems to patient self-monitoring. (Source...
Source: New Horizons in Translational Medicine - September 13, 2015 Category: Research Source Type: research

Recombination, reassortment, and many-to-one genotypes in natural arenavirus infections
In this study, we documented a surprising degree of genetic diversity in arenavirus-infected snakes. Instead of one or two viral species or quasispecies, individual animals harbored complex populations of viral genotypes composed of up to 5S and 11L genotypes, which replicated as stable ensembles in culture. S and L segment genotype accumulation was not balanced and a particular S segment genotype dominated, both in individual animals and at a population level. Numerous instances of recombination and reassortment were detected. Some recombinant segments had unusual organizations with 2 intergenic regions. This genetic flui...
Source: New Horizons in Translational Medicine - September 13, 2015 Category: Research Source Type: research

Autophagic flux without a block differentiates varicella from herpes simplex virus infection
Publication date: May–July 2015 Source:New Horizons in Translational Medicine, Volume 2, Issues 4–5 Author(s): Charles Grose Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) is a herpesvirus that causes a characteristic vesicular exanthem in humans with primary infection (varicella) or reactivation (zoster). We have previously observed that vesicular cells are filled with autophagosomes that are easily detectable by confocal microscopy after immunolabeling for the LC3 protein. Through a 3D imaging software program called Imaris we have quantitated autophagosomes as greater than 100 per cell. Similarly, we have assessed autophagy in ...
Source: New Horizons in Translational Medicine - September 13, 2015 Category: Research Source Type: research

Viralign: A tool for uncovering functional viral elements
Publication date: May–July 2015 Source:New Horizons in Translational Medicine, Volume 2, Issues 4–5 Author(s): S Frietze, R.J. Cohrs, B Kaufer The availability of broad epigenomic profiles of human tissues provides an opportunity to uncover viral sequences and their corresponding functional regulatory elements in otherwise overlooked datasets. We developed Viralign, a throughput screening method to discover and interpret viral functional information in existing short read archive data. Using a comprehensive reference database, Viralign scans sequence data for known viral sequences and generates an alignment r...
Source: New Horizons in Translational Medicine - September 13, 2015 Category: Research Source Type: research

Animation of VZV DNA
Publication date: May–July 2015 Source:New Horizons in Translational Medicine, Volume 2, Issues 4–5 Author(s): Randall. J. Cohrs, J. Rovnak Varicella zoster virus (VZV) is a ubiquitous neurotropic alphaherpesvirus that typically causes childhood varicella (chickenpox) on primary infection and zoster (shingles) after reactivation. During latency most of the ~70 virus genes are transcriptionally silent; however, analysis of latent VZV gene transcription in its natural setting requires analysis of human ganglia removed at autopsy. Recognizing the problems associated with such samples, we have observed that as the ...
Source: New Horizons in Translational Medicine - September 13, 2015 Category: Research Source Type: research

Transcriptome markers of viral persistence in naturally-infected Andes Hantavirus (Bunyaviridae) seropositive rice rats
Publication date: May–July 2015 Source:New Horizons in Translational Medicine, Volume 2, Issues 4–5 Author(s): Corey L. Campbell, Fernando Torres-Perez, Mariana Acuna-Retamar, Tony Schountz The long-tailed pygmy rice rat (Oligoryzomys longicaudatus) is the reservoir host of Andes (ANDV) and Oran hantaviruses (Bunyaviridae). To examine transcriptome features of persistently infected rice rats, spleens from ANDV sero-positive wild-caught rice rats were assessed. RNA-seq analysis, de novo reference-independent assembly and stringent orthology assignments produced 17,756 unique coding and non-coding RNAs. Diffe...
Source: New Horizons in Translational Medicine - September 13, 2015 Category: Research Source Type: research

Current Disease and Epidemiologic Problems: What’s Hot?
Publication date: May–July 2015 Source:New Horizons in Translational Medicine, Volume 2, Issues 4–5 Author(s): CH Calisher Included among the many current world problems are viral diseases of considerable significance and threat. This talk could not possible cover them all but will discuss the emergence of Middle East respiratory syndrome in Saudi Arabia and nearby countries, ebolavirus hemorrhagic fever in West Africa, chikungunya in the Western Hemisphere, and the re-emergence of poliomyelitis. (Source: New Horizons in Translational Medicine)
Source: New Horizons in Translational Medicine - September 13, 2015 Category: Research Source Type: research

Poliovirus and Group C Enteroviruses: Knowledge Gaps Relevant to Eradication
Publication date: May–July 2015 Source:New Horizons in Translational Medicine, Volume 2, Issues 4–5 Author(s): DJ Barton, BJ Kempf, DA. Cooper Poliovirus eradication is one of the most challenging public health endeavors in modern times (www.polioeradication.org). Social, political, economic & scientific factors have made this goal elusive. When eradication goals were first established in 1988, there was little appreciation of viral RNA recombination, enterovirus species groups and their relevance to eradication. Now, it is clear that RNA recombination between live-attenuated vaccine strains of poliov...
Source: New Horizons in Translational Medicine - September 13, 2015 Category: Research Source Type: research

The Intrathecal Antibody Response in Multiple Sclerosis Brain Does Not React Against Measles Virus
Publication date: May–July 2015 Source:New Horizons in Translational Medicine, Volume 2, Issues 4–5 Author(s): Deandra L Walker, Mark P Burgoon Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) and is the most common disabling neurological disease of young adults. Although the cause of MS is unknown, genetic and epidemiological studies indicate that MS may be triggered by an environmental agent. The presence of intrathecally produced antibodies, which produce oligoclonal Ig bands in the CNS of MS patients, provides tools for investigating the target of t...
Source: New Horizons in Translational Medicine - September 13, 2015 Category: Research Source Type: research

Further Characterization of Rio Grande Virus and Potential for Serological Cross Reactivity with other Phleboviruses
Publication date: May–July 2015 Source:New Horizons in Translational Medicine, Volume 2, Issues 4–5 Author(s): M Szymczak, W Reeves, M Miller Members of the genus Phlebovirus (family Bunyaviridae) are new and emerging disease pathogens of humans and animals. Newly identified viruses include Heartland virus (HRTV), Lone Star virus in the USA, and Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome virus in Asia. Assays to support surveillance, epidemiologic studies, and diagnosis of these viruses may also detect related viruses within the genus, confounding interpretation. Rio Grande virus (RGV) was isolated in 1973 f...
Source: New Horizons in Translational Medicine - September 13, 2015 Category: Research Source Type: research

Detection of Immunodominant Proteins of Felis catus Gammaherpesvirus 1
Publication date: May–July 2015 Source:New Horizons in Translational Medicine, Volume 2, Issues 4–5 Author(s): K Stutzman-Rodriguez, R Troyer, S VandeWoude We recently identified and sequenced a novel herpesvirus of domestic cats, Felis catus gammaherpesvirus 1 (FcaGHV1). FcaGHV1 is a member of the gammaherpesvirus subfamily which also includes the human cancer-associated herpesviruses, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV). As a first step toward developing a serologic assay to detect exposure to FcaGHV1, we are seeking to determine which viral proteins elicit an antib...
Source: New Horizons in Translational Medicine - September 13, 2015 Category: Research Source Type: research

Predicting New Prion Candidates in Yeast
Publication date: May–July 2015 Source:New Horizons in Translational Medicine, Volume 2, Issues 4–5 Author(s): J Shattuck, A Waetcher, E. Ross Prions are infectious proteins capable of self-propagating and transmitting between organisms. Even though there is no homolog to the mammalian prion protein in yeast, several soluble proteins can form heritable aggregates de novo. These proteins provide a model system to investigate the nucleation, aggregation and propagation steps involved in the formation of a prion fibril. Several prion prediction algorithms have been developed to predict yeast proteins that have t...
Source: New Horizons in Translational Medicine - September 13, 2015 Category: Research Source Type: research

Efficient replication and shedding of MERS CoV from the upper respiratory tract of experimentally infected dromedary camels
Publication date: May–July 2015 Source:New Horizons in Translational Medicine, Volume 2, Issues 4–5 Author(s): DR Adney, VR Brown, N van Doremalen, T Bushmaker, D Scott, E de Wit, VA Munster, RA Bowen The Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS CoV) is a novel coronavirus first recognized in 2012 and is associated with severe respiratory disease in humans. Virus has been isolated from dromedary camels in endemic areas, and many camels also have neutralizing antibodies against the virus, suggesting that they are likely a reservoir host. In order to better understand the role of camels in v...
Source: New Horizons in Translational Medicine - September 13, 2015 Category: Research Source Type: research

Alphavirus E1 Glycoprotein-Liposome-Nucleic Acid Complexes Protect Mice from Lethal Challenge with Multiple Alphaviruses
Publication date: May–July 2015 Source:New Horizons in Translational Medicine, Volume 2, Issues 4–5 Author(s): A Rico, A Phillips, T Schountz, A Toth, D Jarvis, A Powers, K Olson Alphaviruses are globally distributed, mosquito borne pathogens that cause death and disease in vertebrates, including humans. Therapeutics to combat alphaviral disease are non-existant and only a handful of IND status vaccines are available. Of the available vaccines most are associated with a poor immunological response and a high rate of reactivity, and none protects against more than a single alphavirus species. We design...
Source: New Horizons in Translational Medicine - September 13, 2015 Category: Research Source Type: research