The role of fatty acids and their endocannabinoid-like derivatives in the molecular regulation of appetite
Publication date: Available online 19 January 2018 Source:Molecular Aspects of Medicine Author(s): Renger F. Witkamp Intake, absorption and synthesis of fatty acids, including those produced by the intestinal microbiota are tightly monitored via specific receptors and, indirectly through their conversion into a variety of signalling molecules. The resulting information is integrated and translated to different physiological processes, including the regulation of appetite and satiation. Direct chemosensing of fatty acids takes place via interaction with free fatty acid (FFA) and other receptors. These are present in the ...
Source: Molecular Aspects of Medicine - February 8, 2018 Category: Molecular Biology Source Type: research
PDGF/PDGFR axis in the neural systems
Publication date: Available online 6 February 2018 Source:Molecular Aspects of Medicine Author(s): Susmita Sil, Palsamy Periyasamy, Annadurai Thangaraj, Ernest T. Chivero, Shilpa Buch Platelet-derived growth factors (PDGFs) and their receptors (PDGFRs) are expressed in several cell types including the brain cells such as neuronal progenitors, neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. Emerging evidence shows that PDGF-mediated signaling regulates diverse functions in the central nervous system (CNS) such as neurogenesis, cell survival, synaptogenesis, modulation of ligand-gated ion channels, and development of speci...
Source: Molecular Aspects of Medicine - February 8, 2018 Category: Molecular Biology Source Type: research
Large-scale randomized clinical trials of bioactives and nutrients in relation to human health and disease prevention - Lessons from the VITAL and COSMOS trials
Publication date: Available online 29 December 2017 Source:Molecular Aspects of Medicine Author(s): Susanne Rautiainen, Howard D. Sesso, JoAnn E. Manson Several bioactive compounds and nutrients in foods have physiological properties that are beneficial for human health. While nutrients typically have clear definitions with established levels of recommended intakes, bioactive compounds often lack such a definition. Although a food-based approach is often the optimal approach to ensure adequate intake of bioactives and nutrients, these components are also often produced as dietary supplements. However, many of these su...
Source: Molecular Aspects of Medicine - December 30, 2017 Category: Molecular Biology Source Type: research
Role of extracellular vesicles in glioma progression
Publication date: Available online 13 December 2017 Source:Molecular Aspects of Medicine Author(s): Claudia Quezada, Ángelo Torres, Ignacio Niechi, Daniel Uribe, Susana Contreras-Duarte, Fernando Toledo, Rody San Martín, Jaime Gutiérrez, Luis Sobrevia The role of extracellular vesicles in cancer biology has emerged as a focus of the study of great importance and has been shown to directly influence tumour development in several cancers including brain tumours, such as gliomas. Gliomas are the most aggressive brain tumours, and in the last time, a considerable effort has been made to understand their biology. ...
Source: Molecular Aspects of Medicine - December 14, 2017 Category: Molecular Biology Source Type: research
Foetoplacental communication via extracellular vesicles in normal pregnancy and preeclampsia
Publication date: Available online 13 December 2017 Source:Molecular Aspects of Medicine Author(s): Delia I. Chiarello, Rocío Salsoso, Fernando Toledo, Alfonso Mate, Carmen M. Vázquez, Luis Sobrevia Intercellular communication is a critical process in biological mechanisms. During pregnancy foetoplacental tissues release a heterogeneous group of extracellular vesicles (EVs) that include exosomes, microvesicles, apoptotic bodies, and syncytial nuclear aggregates. These vesicles contain a complex cargo (proteins, DNA, mRNA transcripts, microRNAs, noncoding RNA, lipids, and other molecules) that actively participate...
Source: Molecular Aspects of Medicine - December 13, 2017 Category: Molecular Biology Source Type: research
Exosomes and their role in the intercellular trafficking of normal and disease associated prion proteins
Publication date: Available online 8 December 2017 Source:Molecular Aspects of Medicine Author(s): Lesley Cheng, Wenting Zhao, Andrew F. Hill Over the past decade, small extracellular vesicles called exosomes have been observed to harbour protein and genetic cargo that can assist in health and also cause disease. Many groups are extensively investigating the mechanisms involved that regulate the trafficking and packaging of exosomal contents and how these processes may be deregulated in disease. Prion diseases are transmissible neurodegenerative disorders and are characterized by the presence of detectable misfolded p...
Source: Molecular Aspects of Medicine - December 9, 2017 Category: Molecular Biology Source Type: research
The influence of tumour-derived extracellular vesicles on local and distal metastatic dissemination
Publication date: Available online 6 December 2017 Source:Molecular Aspects of Medicine Author(s): Laura Nogués, Alberto Benito-Martin, Marta Hergueta-Redondo, Héctor Peinado Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are key mediators of intercellular communication that have been ignored for decades. Tumour cells benefit from the secretion of vesicles as they can influence the behaviour of neighbouring tumour cells within the tumour microenvironment. Several studies have shown that extracellular vesicles play an active role in pre-metastatic niche formation and importantly, they are involved in the metastatic organotropism of d...
Source: Molecular Aspects of Medicine - December 6, 2017 Category: Molecular Biology Source Type: research
Nutrition epidemiology of flavan-3-ols: The known unknowns
Publication date: Available online 16 November 2017 Source:Molecular Aspects of Medicine Author(s): Gunter G.C. Kuhnle Nutritional epidemiology has an important role, as it can provide long-term data from large populations and does not rely on surrogate markers for morbidity/mortality. Meaningful interpretation and applications of outcomes from epidemiological studies depend on the accurate assessment of dietary intake, which is currently mainly based on a combination of self-reporting and food composition data. Flavan-3-ols are a group of bioactives (non-essential dietary components with significant impact on health) t...
Source: Molecular Aspects of Medicine - November 30, 2017 Category: Molecular Biology Source Type: research
Emerging role of extracellular vesicles as a senescence-associated secretory phenotype: Insights into the pathophysiology of lung diseases
Publication date: Available online 20 November 2017 Source:Molecular Aspects of Medicine Author(s): Tsukasa Kadota, Yu Fujita, Yusuke Yoshioka, Jun Araya, Kazuyoshi Kuwano, Takahiro Ochiya Aging is a major risk factor for the development of chronic lung diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), and lung cancer. A main aspect of aging is the impaired function of maintaining homeostasis in the organs and body, which is associated with cellular senescence. Cellular senescence is recognized as the state of irreversible cell cycle arrest in response to a variety ...
Source: Molecular Aspects of Medicine - November 30, 2017 Category: Molecular Biology Source Type: research
PDGF in organ fibrosis
Publication date: Available online 22 November 2017 Source:Molecular Aspects of Medicine Author(s): Barbara Mara Klinkhammer, Jürgen Floege, Peter Boor Fibrosis is part of a tissue repair response to injury, defined as increased deposition of extracellular matrix. In some instances, fibrosis is beneficial; however, in the majority of diseases fibrosis is detrimental. Virtually all chronic progressive diseases are associated with fibrosis, representing a huge number of patients worldwide. Fibrosis occurs in all organs and tissues, becomes irreversible with time and further drives loss of tissue function. Various cells...
Source: Molecular Aspects of Medicine - November 30, 2017 Category: Molecular Biology Source Type: research
Extracellular vesicles in neurodegenerative diseases
Publication date: Available online 22 November 2017 Source:Molecular Aspects of Medicine Author(s): Tommaso Croese, Roberto Furlan Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are released by all neural cells, including neurons, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and microglia. The lack of adequate technology has not halted neuroscientists from investigating EVs as a mean to decipher neurodegenerative disorders, still in search of comprehensible pathogenic mechanisms and efficient treatment. EVs are thought to be one of ways neurodegenerative pathologies spread in the brain, but also one of the ways the brain tries to displace toxic protei...
Source: Molecular Aspects of Medicine - November 30, 2017 Category: Molecular Biology Source Type: research
Constructing cell lineages from single-cell transcriptomes
Publication date: Available online 26 November 2017 Source:Molecular Aspects of Medicine Author(s): Jinmiao Chen, Laurent Rénia, Florent Ginhoux Advances in single-cell RNA-sequencing have helped reveal the previously underappreciated level of cellular heterogeneity present during cellular differentiation. A static snapshot of single-cell transcriptomes provides a good representation of the various stages of differentiation as differentiation is rarely synchronized between cells. Data from numerous single-cell analyses has suggested that cellular differentiation and development can be conceptualized as continuous pro...
Source: Molecular Aspects of Medicine - November 30, 2017 Category: Molecular Biology Source Type: research
Extracellular vesicles in obesity and diabetes mellitus
Publication date: Available online 26 November 2017 Source:Molecular Aspects of Medicine Author(s): Fabián Pardo, Roberto Villalobos-Labra, Bastián Sobrevia, Fernando Toledo, Luis Sobrevia Cell-to-cell communication happens via diverse mechanisms including the synthesis, release and transfer to target cells of extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs include nanovesicles (i.e., exosomes) and microvesicles, including apoptotic bodies. The amount and cargo of released EVs, which consist of microRNAs (miRNAs), mRNA, proteins, DNA, among other molecules, are altered in obesity and diabetes mellitus. EVs from these diseases s...
Source: Molecular Aspects of Medicine - November 30, 2017 Category: Molecular Biology Source Type: research
Extracellular vesicles compartment in liquid biopsies: Clinical application
Publication date: Available online 26 November 2017 Source:Molecular Aspects of Medicine Author(s): Noemi Garcia-Romero, Susana Esteban-Rubio, Gorjana Rackov, Josefa Carrión-Navarro, Cristobal Belda-Iniesta, Angel Ayuso-Sacido Liquid biopsy is becoming a new source of biomarkers that complement and resolve some of the most important limitations of surgical biopsy, which are the accessibility to the diseased tissue and its heterogeneity, especially relevant for tumors. The diseased tissues release their molecule content to the bloodstream in free form, inside a cell or within extracellular vesicles (EVs). While the...
Source: Molecular Aspects of Medicine - November 30, 2017 Category: Molecular Biology Source Type: research
Exosomes and cardioprotection – A critical analysis
Publication date: Available online 15 November 2017 Source:Molecular Aspects of Medicine Author(s): Sean M. Davidson, Derek M. Yellon Exosomes are nano-sized vesicles released by numerous cell types that appear to have diverse beneficial effects on the injured heart. Studies using exosomes from stem cells or from the blood have indicated that they are able to protect the heart both in models of acute ischaemia and reperfusion, and during chronic ischaemia. In addition to decreasing initial infarct size, they are able to stimulate angiogenesis, reduce fibrosis and remodelling, alter immune cell function and improve long...
Source: Molecular Aspects of Medicine - November 17, 2017 Category: Molecular Biology Source Type: research
