Immediate and distal effects of supplemental food and fluid delivery on rumination
In this study, we compared the immediate and distal effects of fixed-time (FT) food and fluid delivery with baseline levels of rumination. We found no immediate or distal effects for FT 30-s fluid delivery. Food delivery on an FT 30-s schedule resulted in slightly lower levels of rumination during food delivery; however, rumination increased relative to baseline upon termination of food delivery. (Source: Learning and Motivation)
Source: Learning and Motivation - February 23, 2017 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
Working memory decline in normal aging: Is it really worse in space than in color?
Publication date: February 2017 Source:Learning and Motivation, Volume 57 Author(s): Giuliana Klencklen, Pamela Banta Lavenex, Catherine Brandner, Pierre Lavenex Aging is associated with a variety of changes in cognitive capacities, including a decline in working memory performance. Nevertheless, visuo-spatial working memory has been shown to exhibit a greater age-related decline than verbal working memory. Here, we assessed age-related changes in allocentric spatial working memory and color working memory. We tested 20–30-year-old and 65–75-year-old adults on four memory tasks requiring participants to learn, on...
Source: Learning and Motivation - February 10, 2017 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
Resistance to extinction of lever-pressing rates maintained by different wheel-running reinforcement durations
Publication date: February 2017 Source:Learning and Motivation, Volume 57 Author(s): Terry W. Belke, W. David Pierce, Allison F. Harris, Megan M. Leblanc, Victoria L. Clennett Previous research using resistance to extinction to assess response strength has shown slower attenuation of responding maintained by larger than smaller reinforcement magnitudes. The current study sought to generalize this reinforcement-magnitude effect to extinction of lever-pressing rates maintained by wheel-running reinforcement of different durations. Rats responded on a response-initiated variable interval 20-s schedule for the opportuni...
Source: Learning and Motivation - February 4, 2017 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
Interaction of task difficulty and gender stereotype threat with a spatial orientation task in a virtual nested environment
Publication date: February 2017 Source:Learning and Motivation, Volume 57 Author(s): Craig Allison, Edward S. Redhead, Wai Chan Two experiments examined the interaction of task difficulty and stereotype threat in a spatial orientation task. Having explored the exterior and interior of a virtual building, participants were placed in a room with an external or internal view and asked to face a previously seen but occluded external target cue. In the internal room participants could use spatial updating to track their position in terms of the target cue, and in the external room they could also use the allocentric spatia...
Source: Learning and Motivation - January 30, 2017 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
Assessment of learned changes in stimulus salience as a consequence of preexposure to a single stimulus: Use of a change blindness task
Publication date: February 2017 Source:Learning and Motivation, Volume 57 Author(s): Fernando Rodríguez-San Juan, Gabriel Rodríguez In a preexposure phase, all the participants were instructed to conduct a task involving mental mathematical operations. For Group EXPOSED, the instructions for this task, and the operations to be performed, were introduced by the image of a robot. Group CONTROL was not exposed to the image of the robot during this phase. At the beginning of the subsequent change blindness phase, all the participants were exposed to the image of the robot for 60s. During this time, they were informed tha...
Source: Learning and Motivation - January 25, 2017 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
Insights from rodent food protection behaviors
Publication date: Available online 24 January 2017 Source:Learning and Motivation Author(s): Megan Marie Martin St. Peters This review aims to provide an update on the current state of research in food protection behaviors. This includes a detailed description of food protection behaviors, theoretical considerations, neuroscientific results, a separate examination of robbers’ behaviors, and some suggestions on future studies. The goal is to provide a succinct overview of food protection behaviors while showcasing their usefulness through an ethologically gestalt lens in which to examine underlying systems of interest ...
Source: Learning and Motivation - January 24, 2017 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
A comparison of consequences for correct responses during discrete-trial instruction
Publication date: Available online 24 January 2017 Source:Learning and Motivation Author(s): Brad T. Joachim, Regina A. Carroll We used an adapted-alternating treatments design to compare the effects of four types of consequences for correct responses on skill acquisition during discrete-trial instruction for four children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder. Contingent on correct responses, the therapist provided either praise, tangible items, tokens, or no differential consequence. Three of four participants acquired target skills in the fewest number of sessions when correct responses resulted in immediate acces...
Source: Learning and Motivation - January 24, 2017 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
Use of the parallel beam task for skilled walking in a rat model of cerebral ischemia: A qualitative approach
Publication date: Available online 3 January 2017 Source:Learning and Motivation Author(s): Brian Ficiur, Jamshid Faraji, Gerlinde A.S. Metz The parallel beam task (PBT), in which animals walk across two elevated parallel beams, is commonly used to assess motor deficits in laboratory rodents. Performance of the PBT challenges postural balance, inter-limb coordination and skilled walking abilities, and is typically assessed by quantitative measures such as number of foot slips and/or successful traversals. We proposed that including qualitative movement analysis of skilled walking would increase resolution and sensitiv...
Source: Learning and Motivation - January 2, 2017 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
Using behavioral skills training to teach parents to implement three-step prompting: A component analysis and generalization assessment
Publication date: February 2017 Source:Learning and Motivation, Volume 57 Author(s): Melissa A. Drifke, Jeffrey H. Tiger, Brittany C. Wierzba Noncompliance is a common childhood behavior problem that has been treated effectively using three-step prompting and differential reinforcement of compliance. Researchers have successfully taught parents to implement this intervention package using behavioral skills training (BST). Although effective, BST is an intensive teaching strategy and the generality of the effects of training on parent and child behavior have not been assessed. The current study conducted a component an...
Source: Learning and Motivation - December 27, 2016 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
Time since reinforcer access produces gradations of motivation
In this study, we (1) summarize relevant basic research demonstrating a continuum of motivation, (2) provide examples in the applied literature of deprivation and satiation operations designed to evoke or abate behavior, and (3) show results of a translational study demonstrating that motivation is more appropriately conceptualized within the context as a gradient rather than simply present or absent. Results of the current study are consistent with basic research in that they suggest that motivation is a more dynamic and nuanced conceptual system than the current applied literature and language suggests. (Source: Learning and Motivation)
Source: Learning and Motivation - November 11, 2016 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
The long-term consequences of correctly rejecting and falsely accepting target-related foils in visual recognition memory
Publication date: Available online 5 November 2016 Source:Learning and Motivation Author(s): Matthew Sabia, Oliver Hardt, Almut Hupbach People often falsely recognize items that resemble previously encountered items, particularly when the original items are not offered as response options during a recognition test. The present study examined how falsely recognizing versus correctly rejecting target-related foils in an initial recognition test affects target identification in a second, delayed recognition test. In three experiments, subjects first encoded a large set of target images, and then participated in two recog...
Source: Learning and Motivation - November 4, 2016 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
The impact of Pavlovian cues on pain avoidance: A behavioral study
Publication date: November 2016 Source:Learning and Motivation, Volume 56 Author(s): Nathalie Claes, Geert Crombez, Mathijs Franssen, Johan W.S. Vlaeyen This experiment investigated whether Pavlovian cues predicting pain would increase pain-related avoidance behavior. For this purpose, forty-two healthy participants first completed an instrumental acquisition phase, performing three different movements with a pneumatic robot arm. One movement was associated with 80% chance of painful stimulation and required the least effort to perform, another movement was associated with 50% chance and required intermediate effort ...
Source: Learning and Motivation - October 26, 2016 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
Recognition judgments under risk: Low confidence when certainty is low
Publication date: November 2016 Source:Learning and Motivation, Volume 56 Author(s): Antônio Jaeger, Gilberto Fernando Xavier Prior research has shown that misleading information about memory probes impairs accuracy in recognition memory tests. Such misleading information also impairs confidence in recognition responses, but for correct rejections only, not for hits. It is unknown whether such effects are preserved when participants face different outcomes according to performance. In the current study, after studying a series of words, participants performed a recognition memory task in which each memory probe could ...
Source: Learning and Motivation - October 12, 2016 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
Stroop-like interference in a match-to-sample task: Further evidence for semantic competition?
Publication date: November 2016 Source:Learning and Motivation, Volume 56 Author(s): Marshall L. Green, Lawrence Locker, Ty W. Boyer, Bradley R. Sturz Two explanations have emerged to account for the interference of word reading on color naming observed in the canonical Stroop task. Semantic competition suggests that interference results from competing semantic processes associated with the word and color dimensions of the stimulus. Response competition suggests that interference results from competition in articulating the word versus the color dimension. Recently, Sturz et al. (2013) attempted to reproduce a Stroop...
Source: Learning and Motivation - September 30, 2016 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
Virtual reality replays of sports performance: Effects on memory, feeling of competence, and performance
Publication date: November 2016 Source:Learning and Motivation, Volume 56 Author(s): Anne A. Cuperus, Ineke J.M. van der Ham Memory can be altered after receipt of misleading information; the misinformation effect was first studied almost 40 years ago. Later studies showed that suggestive information could even lead to the creation of new false memories in people. Whereas previous research focused primarily on false information about passively observed events, we aimed to investigate whether memory for one’s own physical performance can be altered by means of false, manipulated replays of these events in virtual real...
Source: Learning and Motivation - September 30, 2016 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
