Effect of the number of between-classes reject baseline relations on equivalence class formation
In this study, different training conditions involving six combinations of standard (STA) and altered (ALT) baseline trials were compared in regard to the probability of emergence of three 3-member stimulus classes. The STA and ALT baseline trials established the same within-class select relations, but the STA baseline trials established between-classes reject relations as well, while the ALT trials did not. The number of STA trials included in the baseline was related to higher likelihood of equivalence class formation; this relation, however, was not linear and simple, and rather it depended on the distribution of the ST...
Source: Learning and Motivation - July 20, 2018 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
Editorial Board
Publication date: May 2018Source: Learning and Motivation, Volume 62Author(s): (Source: Learning and Motivation)
Source: Learning and Motivation - July 19, 2018 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
A comparison of consequences for correct responses during discrete-trial instruction
Publication date: Available online 24 January 2017Source: Learning and MotivationAuthor(s): Brad T. Joachim, Regina A. CarrollAbstractWe used an adapted-alternating treatments design to compare the effects of four types of consequences for correct responses on skill acquisition during discrete-trial instruction for four children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder. Contingent on correct responses, the therapist provided either praise, tangible items, tokens, or no differential consequence. Three of four participants acquired target skills in the fewest number of sessions when correct responses resulted in immediate acc...
Source: Learning and Motivation - July 10, 2018 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
A clinical application of procedures to promote the emergence of untrained intraverbal relations with children with autism
Publication date: Available online 24 February 2017Source: Learning and MotivationAuthor(s): M. Alice Shillingsburg, Sarah E. Frampton, Stacy A. Cleveland, Tom CariveauAbstractStrategies to promote the emergence of untrained verbal relations are of critical importance for learners with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The current study examined the effects of systematically training new relations on the emergence of intraverbal relations within the same set and across untrained sets using a multiple probe across behaviors design. Three sets consisting of three classes of stimuli were developed for each of the six participan...
Source: Learning and Motivation - July 10, 2018 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
Immediate and distal effects of supplemental food and fluid delivery on rumination
In this study, we compared the immediate and distal effects of fixed-time (FT) food and fluid delivery with baseline levels of rumination. We found no immediate or distal effects for FT 30-s fluid delivery. Food delivery on an FT 30-s schedule resulted in slightly lower levels of rumination during food delivery; however, rumination increased relative to baseline upon termination of food delivery. (Source: Learning and Motivation)
Source: Learning and Motivation - July 10, 2018 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
Further evaluation of blocked trials to teach intraverbal responses under complex stimulus control: Effects of criterion-level probes
Publication date: Available online 9 March 2017Source: Learning and MotivationAuthor(s): Jennifer Haggar, Einar T. Ingvarsson, Emily C. BraunAbstractIndividuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) often have deficient intraverbal repertoires. Ingvarsson, Kramer, Carp, Petursdottir, and Macias (2016) evaluated the use of a blocked-trial procedure to establish complex stimulus control over the intraverbal behavior of children with ASD. In the current study, we replicated the procedures of Ingvarsson et al. (2016) and added criterion-level probes. Three children with ASD, ages 7ā13, participated. We targeted discriminations...
Source: Learning and Motivation - July 10, 2018 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
Validation of a skills assessment to match interventions to teach motor imitation to children with autism
Publication date: Available online 10 March 2017Source: Learning and MotivationAuthor(s): Amber L. Valentino, Linda A. LeBlanc, Kerry A. CondeAbstractMotor imitation skills are usually targeted early in intervention with children with autism. Some children readily acquire motor imitation targets that involve objects (e.g., pushing a toy car) but do not acquire targets without objects (e.g., clapping hands). The disparity in acquisition could occur for various reasons, including differences in attending when an object is present as opposed to when no object is present. It also is possible that the delay in imitation that is...
Source: Learning and Motivation - July 10, 2018 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
Increasing sharing in children with autism spectrum disorder using automated discriminative stimuli
Publication date: Available online 11 March 2017Source: Learning and MotivationAuthor(s): Ami J. Kaminski, Wayne W. Fisher, Brian D. Greer, Jessica S. AkersAbstractAppropriate sharing of a high-preference item is a common problem among children with autism spectrum disorder (Baron-Cohen et al., 1985). The purpose of the current study was to evaluate whether a multiple schedule of reinforcement could be used to promote appropriate turn-taking behavior. Participants included one dyad of siblings and one dyad of non-related peers who were identified as having poorly developed sharing skills. The first dyad included a 6-year-o...
Source: Learning and Motivation - July 10, 2018 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
Reliability and validity of indirect assessment outcomes: Experts versus caregivers
Publication date: Available online 20 March 2017Source: Learning and MotivationAuthor(s): Joseph D. Dracobly, Claudia L. Dozier, Adam M. Briggs, Jessica F. JuanicoAbstractClinicians often conduct indirect assessments (IAs; e.g., Durand & Crimmins, 1988; Iwata, DeLeon, & Roscoe, 2013; Matson & Vollmer, 1995) such as questionnaires and interviews with caregivers to gain information about the variables influencing problem behavior. However, researchers have found poor reliability and validity of IAs with respect to determining functional variables. There are numerous variables that might influence the efficacy of IAs as an as...
Source: Learning and Motivation - July 10, 2018 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
An individualized method for establishing and thinning multiple schedules of reinforcement following functional communication training
Publication date: Available online 23 March 2017Source: Learning and MotivationAuthor(s): Nathan A. Call, Seth B. Clark, Joanna Lomas Mevers, Natalie A. Parks, Valerie M. Volkert, Mindy C. ScheithauerAbstractUsing multiple schedules of reinforcement following functional communication training (FCT) can produce discriminated mands while maintaining low rates of problem behavior (Fisher et al., 1998; Hanley et al., 2001). A review of this literature (Saini et al., 2016) noted the absence of a method for systematically determining the duration of reinforcement (SD) and extinction (SĪ) components in such multiple-schedule arr...
Source: Learning and Motivation - July 10, 2018 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
A comparison of flipped-spoon presentation and redistribution to decrease packing in children with feeding disorders
Publication date: Available online 24 March 2017Source: Learning and MotivationAuthor(s): Kathryn H. Stubbs, Valerie M. Volkert, Emily Kate Rubio, Elissa OttingerAbstractFor children with feeding disorders, nonremoval procedures combined with reinforcement are often used by practitioners to treat initial food refusal (Volkert et al., 2016; Volkert & Piazza, 2012). However, this treatment may not always be sufficient to increase food consumption because problematic behaviors such as packing (holding food in the mouth) or expulsion emerge. Antecedent- and consequence-based interventions have both been effective to decrease p...
Source: Learning and Motivation - July 10, 2018 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
Introduction to the special issue on applied behavior analysis
Publication date: Available online 14 April 2017Source: Learning and MotivationAuthor(s): Brian D. Greer, Tiffany Kodak (Source: Learning and Motivation)
Source: Learning and Motivation - July 10, 2018 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
Assessing preference for and reinforcing efficacy of components of social interaction in individuals with autism spectrum disorder
Publication date: Available online 15 April 2017Source: Learning and MotivationAuthor(s): Casey J. Clay, Andrew L. Samaha, Bistra K. BogoevAbstractWe evaluated the degree to which social interactions are reinforcing for two individuals with autism spectrum disorder by comparing individual components (i.e., edible, vocal, and physical interaction) alone and in combination. First, we conducted preference assessments to determine preference hierarchies within three stimulus classes: edible, vocal, and physical interaction. Second, we evaluated preference for individual stimuli across these classes. Third, we examined the rela...
Source: Learning and Motivation - July 10, 2018 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
Comparing illusion of control and superstitious behavior: Rate of responding influences judgment of control in a free-operant procedure
The objective of this experiment was to study similarities between superstitious behavior and illusion of control. We used different motivational instructions to generate high and low rates of responding and exposed participants to noncontingent reinforcement in order to evaluate superstitious behavior and illusion of control. College students (n = 40) responded over three 10-min sessions in a computer-based free operant procedure that alternated signaled periods of noncontingent presentation of points (VT schedule) and periods in which the points were not presented (extinction, EXT). In one group of participants...
Source: Learning and Motivation - July 10, 2018 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
Evaluating group activity schedules to promote social play in children with autism
Publication date: Available online 27 December 2017Source: Learning and MotivationAuthor(s): Dana M. Gadaire, Katrina Bartell, Jamie VillacortaAbstractWe evaluated the effects of group activity schedules on social engagement among children with autism spectrum disorders. Although activity schedules are often applied to dyads, we assigned children to small groups (e.g., 3ā4 children) to increase the number of available play partners and potential social validity of the intervention. We also compared the effects of group activity schedules with a similar intervention consisting exclusively of therapist-delivered prompts. R...
Source: Learning and Motivation - July 10, 2018 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
