Analysis of inequality aversion in mice using stress-induced hyperthermia
Publication date: November 2019Source: Learning and Motivation, Volume 68Author(s): Shigeru WatanabeAbstractHumans have a sense of fairness and consequently have an aversion to inequality condition. Recently, animal researchers have suggested that some non-human animals also exhibit an aversion to inequality. This experiment used stress-induced hyperthermia (SIH) to examine inequality aversion in mice. Aversion was analyzed using inequitable restraint stress in Experiment 1. The mice that were restrained, but had free cage mates (disadvantageous inequality) displayed SIH. In contrast, free mice that had restrained cage mat...
Source: Learning and Motivation - November 7, 2019 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
Identifying the motivational and demotivational factors influencing students’ academic achievements in language education
This study aims first to design a motivational/ demotivational pattern scale (MDPAS) for English as a foreign language (EFL) students, and then proposes a model of motivation/ demotivation in EFL education. Entire population participated in the study comprised 800 students majoring in EFL. MDPAS was designed and validated by applying confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Further investigations revealed that three motivational constructs, including Demotivation/ Motivating Demotivation, Perfectionist/Non-perfectionist motivation, and Collective/Individual motivation could predict almost 56% of the variance in students’ grad...
Source: Learning and Motivation - October 16, 2019 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
Assessing motivation to speak (MTS) and willingness to communicate through metalinguistic corrective feedback
This study aimed to investigate the effect of oral metalinguistic corrective feedback on EFL learners’ motivation to speak (MTS) and willingness to communicate in an Iranian second language learning context. The participants of the study were assigned to two groups: one experimental and one control. The experimental group received twenty hours of instruction and metalinguistic corrective feedback, while the control group received twenty hours of instruction with only traditional way of correction. Afterwards, the questionnaires of motivation to speak and willingness to communicate, which were administered before the trea...
Source: Learning and Motivation - October 11, 2019 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
My three heavyweight bouts with behaviorism
Publication date: November 2019Source: Learning and Motivation, Volume 68Author(s): Martin SeligmanAbstractI describe three squabbles with behaviorism and the reaction: Cognitive Theory of Avoidance Learning, Preparedness and Learned Helplessness. (Source: Learning and Motivation)
Source: Learning and Motivation - October 8, 2019 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
Free throw performance in non-expert basketball players: The effect of dynamic motor imagery combined with action observation
Publication date: November 2019Source: Learning and Motivation, Volume 68Author(s): Nicolas Robin, Lucette Toussaint, Cédric Charles-Charlery, Guillaume R. CoudevylleAbstractWe investigated the effect of dynamic motor imagery (dMI) combined with physical practice on free throw performances of advanced basketball players in two conditions: With and without a video of a model. They performed a pre-test, participated in 5-weeks of intervention sessions, and performed a post-test. During pre-test and post-test, they performed 10-free throws followed by the “Evan Fournier test”: Maximum number of sequences of two consecuti...
Source: Learning and Motivation - September 28, 2019 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
Relations of patterns of perfectionism to BIS sensitivity, achievement goals and student engagement
Publication date: November 2019Source: Learning and Motivation, Volume 68Author(s): Vanja Putarek, Daria Rovan, Nina Pavlin-BernardićAbstractIn the hierarchical model of achievement motivation, achievement goals represent mediators between reinforcement sensitivity (e.g., Behavioral Inhibition System [BIS]), as a self-based antecedent variable, and student engagement, as an outcome variable. However, the manifestations of these variables and the relationships between them may differ according to the type of perfectionism. The aim of this study was to explore the differences between adaptive, maladaptive, and non-perfectio...
Source: Learning and Motivation - September 28, 2019 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
Renewal in a heterogeneous behavior chain: Extinction of the first response prevents renewal of a second response when it is separately extinguished and returned to the chain
Publication date: November 2019Source: Learning and Motivation, Volume 68Author(s): Michael Steinfeld, José A. Alcalá, Eric A. Thrailkill, Mark E. BoutonAbstractTwo experiments with rat subjects examined the renewal of an extinguished instrumental response that occurs when it is returned to the context of a behavior chain in which it had been trained. In both experiments, rats first learned a discriminated heterogeneous chain in which a stimulus (S1) set the occasion for one response (R1), the emission of which turned off S1 and turned on a second stimulus (S2) that set the occasion for a second response (R2). R2 in turn...
Source: Learning and Motivation - September 6, 2019 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
Editorial Board
Publication date: August 2019Source: Learning and Motivation, Volume 67Author(s): (Source: Learning and Motivation)
Source: Learning and Motivation - August 23, 2019 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
The study of executive function domains in children with high-functioning autism
ConclusionImpairment in executive functions should be described as major signs of autism spectrum disorder and it is important to critically study them in early stages of autism diagnosis and assessment. (Source: Learning and Motivation)
Source: Learning and Motivation - August 20, 2019 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
Oxytocin receptor (OXTR) gene polymorphisms and recognition memory for emotional and neutral faces: A pilot study
This study examined the effects of oxytocin receptor gene (OXTR) rs53576 and rs2254298 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on recognition memory for emotional (fearful, angry, sad, disgusted, surprised, happy) and neutral faces. Seventy-four Caucasian students (42 female), completed a novel experimental task of recognition memory for emotional and neutral faces. Photographs of emotional and neutral faces in color were taken from The Karolinska Directed Emotional Faces set. The results suggested a possible effect of rs2254298 on recognition memory for the emotion of surprise. Subjects with the GA genotype had a lower rec...
Source: Learning and Motivation - August 4, 2019 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
An extinction cue does not necessarily prevent response recovery after extinction
Publication date: August 2019Source: Learning and Motivation, Volume 67Author(s): Javier Bustamante, Consuelo San Martín, Mario A. Laborda, Gonzalo MiguezAbstractAn extinction cue (EC) is a discrete stimulus that is presented during Pavlovian extinction, contingent and with close contiguity to the conditioned stimulus (CS) under extinction treatment. When this EC is presented during a recovery test (e.g., renewal, spontaneous recovery), it typically prevents response recovery. At least two associative mechanisms have been proposed to explain this effect: an EC might become a conditioned inhibitor, or it might become a neg...
Source: Learning and Motivation - July 20, 2019 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
Editorial Board
Publication date: May 2019Source: Learning and Motivation, Volume 66Author(s): (Source: Learning and Motivation)
Source: Learning and Motivation - May 31, 2019 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
The effects of non-alcoholic beer on response inhibition: An open-label study
Publication date: May 2019Source: Learning and Motivation, Volume 66Author(s): Mina FukudaAbstractThree experiments were conducted to test the following hypothesis: the taste, smell, and sight of non-alcoholic beer (alcohol cue) will induce a conditioned response even when participants know that the beer is non-alcoholic. In Experiments 1A and 1B, the participants who drank beer at least once a month were divided into a non-alcoholic beer group and a water group. After being told that their beverage was alcohol-free, participants in the experiment group drank non-alcoholic beer, while those in the control group drank water...
Source: Learning and Motivation - May 11, 2019 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
Foraging behavior of pigeons (Columba livia) in situations of diminishing returns using a reinforcement schedule that controls the energy expenditure of responses
This study simulated the foraging situation assumed in Charnov’s (Theoretical Population Biology, 9, 129–136, 1976) marginal value theorem—namely, where food is located in patches separated by areas without food. To quantitatively analyze the behavior of homing pigeons (Columba livia) in terms of the marginal value theorem, we conducted a series of experiments using a reinforcement schedule that controls the energy of responses (Kono, Learning & Behavior, 41,425–432, 2013). Experiment 1 revealed that pigeons’ behavior was qualitatively consistent with the prediction of the marginal value theorem, but the energy s...
Source: Learning and Motivation - May 3, 2019 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
Attention narrowing followed by broadening enhances threat reactivity and generalisation during extinction but reduces physiological arousal at retest: A preliminary examination
Publication date: May 2019Source: Learning and Motivation, Volume 66Author(s): Ash-Lee J. Heather, Allison M. WatersAbstractAnxiety disorders are common and impairing, however, approximately 40% of affected individuals do not respond in the short or long term to gold-standard, exposure-based treatments. The current preliminary study examined whether goal-directed attention during extinction (the experimental analogue of exposure therapy) enhances extinction learning and retention. Thirty-six participants completed a differential Pavlovian conditioning and extinction task. Goal-directed attention (GDA) participants (N = 18)...
Source: Learning and Motivation - April 29, 2019 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
