Pre-exposure and retrieval effects on generalization of contextual fear
Publication date: August 2018Source: Learning and Motivation, Volume 63Author(s): Dieuwke Sevenster, Lucas de Oliveira Alvares, Rudi D’HoogeAbstractThe degree of generalization from a fearful context to other contexts is determined by precision of the original fear memory. Experiences before and after fear learning affect memory precision. Pre-exposure to a similar context before context conditioning results in increased generalization to the similar context. In contrast, exposure to the conditioning context after fear learning reduces fear generalization. In the current study we aimed to investigate whether the events b...
Source: Learning and Motivation - July 10, 2018 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
Retention intervals enhance associative competition produced by a preexposed CS
Publication date: August 2018Source: Learning and Motivation, Volume 63Author(s): Diana Klakotskaia, Rachel A. Richardson, Paige N. Michener, Todd R. SchachtmanAbstractEarlier studies have shown that a latent inhibitor is poor at competing for learning with another conditioned stimulus on a compound conditioning trial. Previous research also has shown that the poor conditioned response produced to a latent inhibitor can be reversed by a retention interval placed after conditioning and prior to testing the conditioned response. In the present conditioned taste aversion experiments, a CS flavor (“A”) was given CS-alone p...
Source: Learning and Motivation - July 10, 2018 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
Working for beverages without being thirsty: Human Pavlovian-instrumental transfer despite outcome devaluation
Publication date: August 2018Source: Learning and Motivation, Volume 63Author(s): Matteo De Tommaso, Tommaso Mastropasqua, Massimo TurattoAbstractThe incentive-motivational salience acquired by a Pavlovian conditioned stimulus (CS) is reflected by its ability to strengthen the performance of a separately learned instrumental action exerted to obtain an outcome, a phenomenon known as Pavlovian-Instrumental transfer (PIT). By means of a PIT paradigm, the present study addressed whether the CS motivational properties vary dynamically with the value of the associated outcome. Previous studies on human PIT and outcome devaluati...
Source: Learning and Motivation - July 10, 2018 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
A positive psychological intervention for failing students: Does it improve academic achievement and motivation? A pilot study
Publication date: August 2018Source: Learning and Motivation, Volume 63Author(s): Anna Muro, Joaquim Soler, Àusias Cebolla, Ramon CladellasAbstractIn the last decade, positive psychology interventions (PPI) applied in both clinical and non-clinical samples have demonstrated a proven efficacy to increase positive emotions, well-being, and life satisfaction. However, few studies have used objective indicators of performance to explored the efficacy of PPI to increase students' motivation to study or to improve performance. Therefore, we developed and applied a PPI in a sample of high-school students with poor academic achie...
Source: Learning and Motivation - July 10, 2018 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
Impact of parenting, reward, and prior achievement on task persistence
Publication date: August 2018Source: Learning and Motivation, Volume 63Author(s): Hüseyin KotamanAbstractThe purpose of this study was to test the impact of reward, prior achievement, parenting style, and parents’ educational and income levels on second graders’ task persistence in the face of a challenging task. The participants were 179 s graders enrolled in one of three public schools in the Şanlıurfa. Participants were randomly assigned to success, no-reward, and reward groups. On the pre- and posttest, participants’ task persistence was measured through engagement with an unsolvable labyrinth puzzle. Stepwi...
Source: Learning and Motivation - July 10, 2018 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
The effect of monetary compensation on cognitive training outcomes
Publication date: August 2018Source: Learning and Motivation, Volume 63Author(s): Benjamin Katz, Susanne M. Jaeggi, Martin Buschkuehl, Priti Shah, John JonidesAbstractRecent work has established the possibility that messaging and incentive during recruitment may influence the outcome of cognitive training. These factors may impact intrinsic and extrinsic motivation to complete a training intervention, and one provocative single session study suggests that recruitment messaging may be responsible for an expectancy effect in certain training experiments. To examine the effects of payment and payment messaging during recruitm...
Source: Learning and Motivation - July 10, 2018 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
Effect of water temperature on swimming-based taste aversion learning in rats
Publication date: August 2018Source: Learning and Motivation, Volume 63Author(s): Sadahiko NakajimaAbstractSwimming endows rats with conditioned aversion to a taste solution consumed shortly prior to swimming. The present study explores the effects of water temperature on this swimming-based taste aversion learning using simple conditioning (Experiment 1) and differential conditioning (Experiment 2) paradigms. In both experiments, swimming in 22 °C water effectively established taste aversion, while the aversion based on swimming in 30 or 38 °C water was weak and ambiguous. These findings are in contrast with the hyp...
Source: Learning and Motivation - July 10, 2018 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
Consummatory successive negative contrast in rats: Assessment through orofacial taste reactivity responses
This study addressed in male adult Wistar rats the hedonic impact of incentive devaluation in an adapted cSNC protocol. Specifically, the orofacial responses to a sucrose solution infused into the oral cavity were measured. It was observed that animals exposed to reward devaluation, from a 32% to a 4% sucrose solution, showed a decrease in the duration of appetitive responses (tongue protrusions, mouth movements, paw licks) as compared with subjects which only experienced the low concentration of sucrose. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that incentive devaluation in a cSNC not only results in reduced intake,...
Source: Learning and Motivation - July 10, 2018 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
Transfer between anticipatory and consummatory tasks involving reward loss
Publication date: August 2018Source: Learning and Motivation, Volume 63Author(s): Amanda C. Glueck, Carmen Torres, Mauricio R. PapiniAbstractDoes recovery from reward devaluation or partial reinforcement (PR) involve the counterconditioning of frustration? Transfer among tasks involving reward loss was used to uncover frustration counterconditioning. In Experiment 1, Phase 1 training in consummatory successive negative contrast (cSNC; 32-to-4% sucrose devaluation) eliminated Phase 2 iSNC in one-way avoidance (40-to-3 s safety-time reduction), but the opposite sequence generated no detectable transfer. In Experiment 2, tr...
Source: Learning and Motivation - July 10, 2018 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
Open field, panel length discrimination by homing pigeons (Columba livia)
Publication date: August 2018Source: Learning and Motivation, Volume 63Author(s): Brittany A. Sizemore, Melissa A. Schoenlein, Verner P. BingmanAbstractPigeons were trained to find a food reward in a square environmental space where two opposing walls had longer panels attached to them, and the other two opposing walls had shorter panels attached to them. Magnitude discrimination theory would lead to the prediction that there would be asymmetrical discriminative performance between experimental groups; rewarded associations with longer panels were expected to yield better correct choice performance than to shorter panels. ...
Source: Learning and Motivation - July 10, 2018 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
Augmentation’s boundary conditions? Investigation of spatial contiguity, temporal contiguity, and target flavor familiarity
Publication date: August 2018Source: Learning and Motivation, Volume 63Author(s): Clare Jensen, Kaela Van Til, Ayaka Abe, Perri Nicholson, W. Robert BatsellAbstractWhen a preconditioned flavor (A) is conditioned in compound with a novel target flavor (X), the aversion to the target X is increased; this enhanced aversion to X is called augmentation. In 6 experiments with rat subjects, we manipulated the spatial contiguity of cues during compound conditioning (AX+), the temporal contiguity of cues during compound conditioning (AX+), and the familiarity of the target. In all 6 studies, augmentation was recorded with spatially...
Source: Learning and Motivation - July 10, 2018 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
A comparison of consequences for correct responses during discrete-trial instruction
Publication date: Available online 24 January 2017Source: Learning and MotivationAuthor(s): Brad T. Joachim, Regina A. CarrollAbstractWe used an adapted-alternating treatments design to compare the effects of four types of consequences for correct responses on skill acquisition during discrete-trial instruction for four children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder. Contingent on correct responses, the therapist provided either praise, tangible items, tokens, or no differential consequence. Three of four participants acquired target skills in the fewest number of sessions when correct responses resulted in immediate acc...
Source: Learning and Motivation - July 5, 2018 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
A clinical application of procedures to promote the emergence of untrained intraverbal relations with children with autism
Publication date: Available online 24 February 2017Source: Learning and MotivationAuthor(s): M. Alice Shillingsburg, Sarah E. Frampton, Stacy A. Cleveland, Tom CariveauAbstractStrategies to promote the emergence of untrained verbal relations are of critical importance for learners with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The current study examined the effects of systematically training new relations on the emergence of intraverbal relations within the same set and across untrained sets using a multiple probe across behaviors design. Three sets consisting of three classes of stimuli were developed for each of the six participan...
Source: Learning and Motivation - July 5, 2018 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
Immediate and distal effects of supplemental food and fluid delivery on rumination
In this study, we compared the immediate and distal effects of fixed-time (FT) food and fluid delivery with baseline levels of rumination. We found no immediate or distal effects for FT 30-s fluid delivery. Food delivery on an FT 30-s schedule resulted in slightly lower levels of rumination during food delivery; however, rumination increased relative to baseline upon termination of food delivery. (Source: Learning and Motivation)
Source: Learning and Motivation - July 5, 2018 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
Further evaluation of blocked trials to teach intraverbal responses under complex stimulus control: Effects of criterion-level probes
Publication date: Available online 9 March 2017Source: Learning and MotivationAuthor(s): Jennifer Haggar, Einar T. Ingvarsson, Emily C. BraunAbstractIndividuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) often have deficient intraverbal repertoires. Ingvarsson, Kramer, Carp, Petursdottir, and Macias (2016) evaluated the use of a blocked-trial procedure to establish complex stimulus control over the intraverbal behavior of children with ASD. In the current study, we replicated the procedures of Ingvarsson et al. (2016) and added criterion-level probes. Three children with ASD, ages 7–13, participated. We targeted discriminations...
Source: Learning and Motivation - July 5, 2018 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
