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Safety Assessment of Synthetic Fluorphlogopite as Used in Cosmetics
The Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel (the Panel) reviewed the safety of synthetic fluorphlogopite as used in cosmetics. Synthetic fluorphlogopite functions as a bulking agent and a viscosity-increasing agent. The Panel reviewed available animal and human data related to this ingredient along with a previous safety assessment of other magnesium silicates. The Panel concluded that synthetic fluorphlogopite was safe as cosmetic ingredients in the practices of use and concentration as given in this safety assessment. (Source: International Journal of Toxicology)
Source: International Journal of Toxicology - December 17, 2015 Category: Toxicology Authors: Becker, L. C., Bergfeld, W. F., Belsito, D. V., Hill, R. A., Klaassen, C. D., Liebler, D. C., Marks, J. G., Shank, R. C., Slaga, T. J., Snyder, P. W., Andersen, F. A. Tags: Articles Source Type: research

Safety Assessment of Panax spp Root-Derived Ingredients as Used in Cosmetics
The Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel (Panel) reviewed the safety of 13 Panax spp root-derived ingredients as used in cosmetics. Panax "spp" indicates that multiple species within the genus are used in cosmetics, but not all species within that genus. Four species are being considered in this safety assessment. These ingredients function mostly as skin-conditioning agents—miscellaneous, fragrance ingredients, skin-conditioning agents—humectant, skin-conditioning agents—emollient, and cosmetic astringents. The Panel reviewed available data related to these ingredients and addressed the issue of puleg...
Source: International Journal of Toxicology - December 17, 2015 Category: Toxicology Authors: Becker, L. C., Bergfeld, W. F., Belsito, D. V., Hill, R. A., Klaassen, C. D., Liebler, D. C., Marks, J. G., Shank, R. C., Slaga, T. J., Snyder, P. W., Andersen, F. A. Tags: Articles Source Type: research

Book Review: History of Toxicology and Environmental Health-Toxicology in Antiquity, Volumes I & II
(Source: International Journal of Toxicology)
Source: International Journal of Toxicology - December 15, 2015 Category: Toxicology Authors: Kapp, R. W. Tags: Book Review Source Type: research

The Metabolic Effects of Consumption of Yellow Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) on Some Biochemical Parameters in Experimental Rats
The metabolism of yellow cassava (variety TMS 01/1368) was investigated in male albino rats fed a diet containing yellow cassava for 7 to 28 days. There were significant increases (P < 0.05) in total and free cyanide and thiocyanate in the sera and urine samples of the experimental rats compared with the control, significant increases (P < 0.05) in serum glucose, alanine aminotransaminase, aspartate aminotransaminase, and alkaline phosphatase levels of the experimental rats compared with the control, significant decreases (P < 0.05) in serum albumin of the experimental rats compared with the control, but no signif...
Source: International Journal of Toxicology - December 15, 2015 Category: Toxicology Authors: Udeme, N., Okafor, P., Eleazu, C. Tags: Original Articles Source Type: research

Intracellular Calcium Plays a Critical Role in the Microcystin-LR-Elicited Neurotoxicity Through PLC/IP3 Pathway
In conclusion, MCLR disrupts [Ca2+]i homeostasis in neurons by releasing Ca2+ from intracellular stores, and this increase in [Ca2+]i may be a key determinant in the mechanism underlying MCLR-induced neurotoxicity. (Source: International Journal of Toxicology)
Source: International Journal of Toxicology - December 15, 2015 Category: Toxicology Authors: Cai, F., Liu, J., Li, C., Wang, J. Tags: Original Articles Source Type: research

Neurotoxicity of Dietary Supplements from Annonaceae Species
Dietary supplements containing plant materials of Annonaceae species (Annona muricata L., A. squamosa L., A. mucosa JACQ., A. squamosa x cherimola Mabb.) were extracted by hot, pressurized ethyl acetate and analyzed for their effect in vitro on Lund human mesencephalic neurons. Cell viability was measured by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay, and cell death was determined by lactate dehydrogenase levels. Three supplements strongly decreased the cell viability at extract concentrations of 1 µg/mL, of which 1 decreased cell viability at 0.1 µg/µL. Also, strong neuronal t...
Source: International Journal of Toxicology - December 15, 2015 Category: Toxicology Authors: Höllerhage, M., Rösler, T. W., Berjas, M., Luo, R., Tran, K., Richards, K. M., Sabaa-Srur, A. U., Maia, J. G. S., Moraes, M. R. d., Godoy, H. T., Höglinger, G. U., Smith, R. E. Tags: Original Articles Source Type: research

Mixture Effects of 3 Mechanistically Different Steroidogenic Disruptors (Prochloraz, Genistein, and Ketoconazole) in the H295R Cell Assay
Mixture effects of 3 model endocrine disruptors, prochloraz, ketoconazole, and genistein, on steroidogenesis were tested in the adrenocortical H295R cell line. Seven key steroid hormones (pregnenolone, progesterone, dehydroepiandrosterone, androstenedione, testosterone, estrone, and 17β-estradiol) were analyzed using gas chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) to investigate the effects throughout the steroidogenic pathway. Current modeling approaches often rely on models assuming compounds acting independently and that the individual effects in some way can be summarized to predict a mixture effect. In...
Source: International Journal of Toxicology - December 15, 2015 Category: Toxicology Authors: Nielsen, F. K., Hansen, C. H., Fey, J. A., Hansen, M., Halling-Sorensen, B., Björklund, E., Styrishave, B. Tags: Original Articles Source Type: research

A Combined 28-Day Oral Toxicity Study of HFPO-Amidol (CASRN 75888-49-2) With Reproductive/Developmental Toxicity Screening Test in Wistar Han Rats
HFPO-Amidol (CAS # 75888-49-2) is a new hexafluoropropylene oxide (HFPO)-based intermediate developed as an alternative to longer chain perfluorinated compounds. The repeated-dose toxicity of this material was evaluated in an Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development 422-compliant, 28-day oral exposure study with a concurrent reproductive/developmental toxicity screening test. Wistar rats received doses of 0, 30, 300, or 1000 mg/kg/d by oral gavage. Statistically significant changes in body weight gain of 1000 mg/kg/d females during the postcoitum period were possibly related to treatment but were considered no...
Source: International Journal of Toxicology - December 15, 2015 Category: Toxicology Authors: Moilanen, L. H., Bagley, B. D., Hakes, D. C., Hope, E. F., Reynolds, J. E., van Otterdijk, F. Tags: Original Articles Source Type: research

The N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Antagonist MK-801 Prevents Thallium-Induced Behavioral and Biochemical Alterations in the Rat Brain
Thallium (Tl+) is a toxic heavy metal capable of increasing oxidative damage and disrupting antioxidant defense systems. Thallium invades the brain cells through potassium channels, increasing neuronal excitability, although until now the possible role of glutamatergic transmission in this event has not been investigated. Here, we explored the possible involvement of a glutamatergic component in the Tl+-induced toxicity through the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist dizocilpine (MK-801) in rats. The effects of MK-801 (1 mg/kg, intraperitoneally [ip]) on early (24 hours) motor alterations, lipid peroxidation, r...
Source: International Journal of Toxicology - December 15, 2015 Category: Toxicology Authors: Osorio-Rico, L., Villeda-Hernandez, J., Santamaria, A., Königsberg, M., Galvan-Arzate, S. Tags: Original Articles Source Type: research

Glutathione S-Transferase Gene Polymorphisms: Modulator of Genetic Damage in Gasoline Pump Workers
This study investigated genetic damage in gasoline pump workers using the cytokinesis blocked micronucleus (CBMN) assay. Blood and urine samples were collected from 50 gasoline pump workers and 50 control participants matched with respect to age and other confounding factors except for exposure to benzene through gasoline vapors. To determine the benzene exposure, phenol was analyzed in urinary samples of exposed and control participants. Urinary mean phenol level was found to be significantly high (P < 0.05) in exposed workers. The CBMN frequency was found to be significantly higher in gasoline pump workers (6.70 &plus...
Source: International Journal of Toxicology - December 15, 2015 Category: Toxicology Authors: Priya, K., Yadav, A., Kumar, N., Gulati, S., Aggarwal, N., Gupta, R. Tags: Original Articles Source Type: research

Inhalation of Talc Induces Infiltration of Macrophages and Upregulation of Manganese Superoxide Dismutase in Rats
The objective was to identify the 4-week inhalation toxicity of talc and investigate antioxidant activity after exposure to talc. There were no treatment-related symptoms or mortality in rats treated with talc. Glucose (GLU) was decreased significantly in male rats exposed to 50 and 100 mg/m3 of talc. Histopathological examination revealed infiltration of macrophages on the alveolar walls and spaces near the terminal and respiratory bronchioles. In male and female rats exposed to 100 mg/m3 talc, expression of superoxide dismutase 2, a typical biological indicator of oxidative damage, was significantly increased. Thus, inha...
Source: International Journal of Toxicology - December 15, 2015 Category: Toxicology Authors: Shim, I., Kim, H.-m., Yang, S., Choi, M., Seo, G.-b., Lee, B.-W., Yoon, B.-I., Kim, P., Choi, K. Tags: Original Articles Source Type: research

Age-Related Alterations in Blood Biochemical Characterization of Hepatorenal Function in the PCK Rat: A Model of Polycystic Kidney Disease
PCK rats develop age-related polycystic kidney disease (PKD) and liver disease and have been used to investigate pharmacotherapies to ameliorate hepatorenal lesions for patients with PKD. The PCK rat may be useful to understand the possible susceptibility to hepatotoxicity observed in the patient with PKD having hepatic polycystic lesions. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the background blood biochemical changes that reflect the hepatorenal function of PCK rats as well as the terminal histopathology in order to determine whether this model would be suitable for extrapolating the susceptibility of hep...
Source: International Journal of Toxicology - December 15, 2015 Category: Toxicology Authors: Shimomura, Y., Brock, W. J., Ito, Y., Morishita, K. Tags: Original Articles Source Type: research

Determination of CYP3A4 Inducing Properties of Compounds Using a Laboratory-Developed Cell-Based Assay
In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that this cell-based assay can be used as a tool to evaluate the potential CYP3A4 induction properties of compounds. However, molecular docking data have not provided satisfactory pointers to differentiate between CYP3A4 inducers from noninducers or from inhibitors, more comprehensive molecular screening may be indicated. (Source: International Journal of Toxicology)
Source: International Journal of Toxicology - September 13, 2015 Category: Toxicology Authors: Seah, T. C., Tay, Y. L., Tan, H. K., Tengku Muhammad, T. S., Wahab, H. A., Tan, M. L. Tags: Regular Articles Source Type: research

An Animal Model of Trichloroethylene-Induced Skin Sensitization in BALB/c Mice
This study aimed to establish a model of TCE-induced skin sensitization in BALB/c mice and to examine the role of several key inflammatory cytokines on TCE sensitization. The sensitization rate of dorsal painted group was 38.3%. Skin edema and erythema occurred in TCE-sensitized groups, as seen in 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) positive control. Trichloroethylene sensitization-positive (dermatitis [+]) group exhibited increased thickness of epidermis, inflammatory cell infiltration, swelling, and necrosis in dermis and around hair follicle, but ear painted group did not show these histological changes. The concentrations ...
Source: International Journal of Toxicology - September 13, 2015 Category: Toxicology Authors: Wang, H., Zhang, J.-x., Li, S.-l., Wang, F., Zha, W.-s., Shen, T., Wu, C., Zhu, Q.-x. Tags: Regular Articles Source Type: research

The Pesticide Metabolites Paraoxon and Malaoxon Induce Cellular Death by Different Mechanisms in Cultured Human Pulmonary Cells
Organophosphorus (OP) pesticides are known to induce pulmonary toxicity in both humans and experimental animals. To elucidate the mechanism of OP-induced cytotoxicity, we examined the effects of parathion and malathion and their respective metabolites, paraoxon and malaoxon, on primary cultured human large and small airway cells. Exposure to paraoxon and malaoxon produced a dose-dependent increase in cytotoxicity following a 24-hour exposure, while treatment with parathion or malathion produced no effects at clinically relevant concentrations. Exposure to paraoxon-induced caspase activation, but malaoxon failed to induce t...
Source: International Journal of Toxicology - September 13, 2015 Category: Toxicology Authors: Angelini, D. J., Moyer, R. A., Cole, S., Willis, K. L., Oyler, J., Dorsey, R. M., Salem, H. Tags: Regular Articles Source Type: research