International Journal of Toxicology This is an RSS file. You can use it to subscribe to this data in your favourite RSS reader or to display this data on your own website or blog.

Cytotoxic Effects of a Novel Thialo Benzene Derivative 2,4-Dithiophenoxy-1-iodo-4-bromobenzene (C18H12S2IBr) in L929 Cells
In this study, higher doses caused cytotoxicity and alterations in metabolic activity . When we consider the similar results obtained from fluconazole and especially the lowest dose of C18H12S2IBr, this newly synthesized compound may be a good alternative antifungal agent. (Source: International Journal of Toxicology)
Source: International Journal of Toxicology - August 5, 2014 Category: Toxicology Authors: Suloğlu, A. K., Karacaoğlu, E., Kockaya, E. A., Selmanoğlu, G., Loğoglu, E. Tags: Regular Articles Source Type: research

Effects of Sublethal Exposure to a Glyphosate-Based Herbicide Formulation on Metabolic Activities of Different Xenobiotic-Metabolizing Enzymes in Rats
The activities of different xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes in liver subcellular fractions from Wistar rats exposed to a glyphosate (GLP)-based herbicide (Roundup full II) were evaluated in this work. Exposure to the herbicide triggered protective mechanisms against oxidative stress (increased glutathione peroxidase activity and total glutathione levels). Liver microsomes from both male and female rats exposed to the herbicide had lower (45%-54%, P < 0.01) hepatic cytochrome P450 (CYP) levels compared to their respective control animals. In female rats, the hepatic 7-ethoxycoumarin O-deethylase (a general CYP-dependent ...
Source: International Journal of Toxicology - August 5, 2014 Category: Toxicology Authors: Larsen, K., Najle, R., Lifschitz, A., Mate, M. L., Lanusse, C., Virkel, G. L. Tags: Regular Articles Source Type: research

RNA Interference Protects Against 5-Lipoxygenase-Induced Cocarcinogen, Benzidine, Oxidation and Cytotoxicity in Human Tracheobronchial Epithelial Cells
This study aimed to determine whether BZD could be activated by arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase (ALOX5) in the human tracheobronchial epithelial cells (HBECs) using RNA interference strategy and a 5-LOX-specific inhibitor, AA861. We show that the soybean LOX catalyzed the cooxidation of BZD, generating BZD diimine. Benzidine induced expression of ALOX5 messenger RNA and 5-LOX protein in HBECs, and significantly decreased cell proliferation, but enhanced DNA damage and apoptosis in HBECs which were significantly inhibited by lentiviral-mediated small hairpin RNA-knockdown of ALOX5 and by AA861. Thus, BZD could upregulate the ex...
Source: International Journal of Toxicology - August 5, 2014 Category: Toxicology Authors: Huang, Y., Tan, Q., Wu, Y., Zhu, H., Xiong, M., Hu, J. Tags: Regular Articles Source Type: research

Zinc-Excess Intake Causes the Deterioration of Renal Function Accompanied by an Elevation in Systemic Blood Pressure Primarily Through Superoxide Radical-Induced Oxidative Stress
Using rats fed 22 g/d of a control diet containing 0.005% zinc (Zn) or 2 Zn-excess diets containing 0.05% or 0.2% Zn for 4 weeks, we examined the mechanisms involved in the deterioration of renal function induced by Zn-excess intake. An increase in Zn intake elevated mean blood pressure (BP) and reduced renal blood flow (RBF) and inulin clearance in a dose-dependent manner. This decline in inulin clearance may be derived from a fall in RBF. Administration of the nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitor, N-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester, markedly increased mean BP and significantly decreased RBF in the 3 groups of rats. Administ...
Source: International Journal of Toxicology - August 5, 2014 Category: Toxicology Authors: Yanagisawa, H., Miyazaki, T., Nodera, M., Miyajima, Y., Suzuki, T., Kido, T., Suka, M. Tags: Regular Articles Source Type: research

Evaluation of Antitrypanosomal Dihydroquinolines for Hepatotoxicity, Mutagenicity, and Methemoglobin Formation In Vitro
N1-Benzylated dihydroquinolin-6-ols and their corresponding esters display exceptional activity against African trypanosomes in vitro, and administration of members of this class of compounds to trypanosome-infected mice results in cures in a first-stage African trypanosomiasis model. Since a quinone imine intermediate has been implicated in the antiparasitic mechanism of action of these compounds, evaluation of the hepatotoxic, mutagenic, and methemoglobin-promoting effects of these agents was performed. 1-Benzyl-1,2-dihydro-2,2,4-trimethylquinolin-6-ol hydrochloride and 1-benzyl-1,2-dihydro-2,2,4-trimethylquinolin-6-yl a...
Source: International Journal of Toxicology - August 5, 2014 Category: Toxicology Authors: Werbovetz, K. A., Riccio, E. S., Furimsky, A., Richard, J. V., He, S., Iyer, L., Mirsalis, J. Tags: Regular Articles Source Type: research

Mustard Gas Inhalation Injury: Therapeutic Strategy
Mustard gas (sulfur mustard [SM], bis-[2-chloroethyl] sulfide) is a vesicating chemical warfare agent and a potential chemical terrorism agent. Exposure of SM causes debilitating skin blisters (vesication) and injury to the eyes and the respiratory tract; of these, the respiratory injury, if severe, may even be fatal. Therefore, developing an effective therapeutic strategy to protect against SM-induced respiratory injury is an urgent priority of not only the US military but also the civilian antiterrorism agencies, for example, the Homeland Security. Toward developing a respiratory medical countermeasure for SM, four diffe...
Source: International Journal of Toxicology - August 5, 2014 Category: Toxicology Authors: Keyser, B. M., Andres, D. K., Holmes, W. W., Paradiso, D., Appell, A., Letukas, V. A., Benton, B., Clark, O. E., Gao, X., Ray, P., Anderson, D. R., Ray, R. Tags: Review Article Source Type: research

Commentary: The French Revolution, Toxicity Biomarkers and Digging Holes
(Source: International Journal of Toxicology)
Source: International Journal of Toxicology - August 5, 2014 Category: Toxicology Authors: Budny, J. A. Tags: Commentary Source Type: research

Editor's Note
(Source: International Journal of Toxicology)
Source: International Journal of Toxicology - August 5, 2014 Category: Toxicology Authors: Genter, M. B. Tags: Editorial Source Type: research

Safety Assessment of Dimethicone Crosspolymers as Used in Cosmetics
The Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel (Panel) reviewed the safety of 62 dimethicone crosspolymer ingredients as used in cosmetics. These ingredients function mostly as absorbents, bulking agents, film formers, hair-conditioning agents, emollient skin-conditioning agents, slip modifiers, surface modifiers, and nonaqueous viscosity-increasing agents. The Panel reviewed available animal and human data related to these polymers and addressed the issue of residual monomers. The Panel concluded that these dimethicone crosspolymer ingredients are safe in the practices of use and concentration as given in this safety assessm...
Source: International Journal of Toxicology - May 26, 2014 Category: Toxicology Authors: Becker, L. C., Bergfeld, W. F., Belsito, D. V., Hill, R. A., Klaassen, C. D., Liebler, D. C., Marks, J. G., Shank, R. C., Slaga, T. J., Snyder, P. W., Andersen, F. A. Tags: Articles Source Type: research

Safety Assessment of Cucumis sativus (Cucumber)-Derived Ingredients as Used in Cosmetics
The CIR Expert Panel assessed the safety of 6 Cucumis sativus (cucumber)-derived ingredients and found them safe in cosmetic formulations in the present practices of use and concentration. These ingredients are reported to function in cosmetics as skin-conditioning agents. Cucumber is a commonly consumed food with no history of significant adverse effects, suggesting that its ingredients should not pose any major safety issues following oral exposure. This assessment focused on the dermal exposure to the low concentrations of these ingredients as used in cosmetics. Some of the constituents of cucumbers have been assessed p...
Source: International Journal of Toxicology - May 26, 2014 Category: Toxicology Authors: Fiume, M. M., Bergfeld, W. F., Belsito, D. V., Hill, R. A., Klaassen, C. D., Liebler, D. C., Marks, J. G., Shank, R. C., Slaga, T. J., Snyder, P. W., Andersen, F. A. Tags: Articles Source Type: research

Safety Assessment of Citric Acid, Inorganic Citrate Salts, and Alkyl Citrate Esters as Used in Cosmetics
The CIR Expert Panel (Panel) assessed the safety of citric acid, 12 inorganic citrate salts, and 20 alkyl citrate esters as used in cosmetics, concluding that these ingredients are safe in the present practices of use and concentration. Citric acid is reported to function as a pH adjuster, chelating agent, or fragrance ingredient. Some of the salts are also reported to function as chelating agents, and a number of the citrates are reported to function as skin-conditioning agents but other functions are also reported. The Panel reviewed available animal and clinical data, but because citric acid, calcium citrate, ferric cit...
Source: International Journal of Toxicology - May 26, 2014 Category: Toxicology Authors: Fiume, M. M., Heldreth, B. A., Bergfeld, W. F., Belsito, D. V., Hill, R. A., Klaassen, C. D., Liebler, D. C., Marks, J. G., Shank, R. C., Slaga, T. J., Snyder, P. W., Andersen, F. A. Tags: Articles Source Type: research

Safety Assessment of Chlorphenesin as Used in Cosmetics
Chlorphenesin functions as a biocide in cosmetics and is used at concentrations up to 0.32% in rinse-off products and up to 0.3% in leave-on products. The Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel (Panel) noted that chlorphenesin was well absorbed when applied to the skin of rats; however, any safety concern was minimized because available data demonstrated an absence of toxicity. The Panel concluded that chlorphenesin is safe in the present practices of use and concentration. (Source: International Journal of Toxicology)
Source: International Journal of Toxicology - May 26, 2014 Category: Toxicology Authors: Johnson, W., Bergfeld, W. F., Belsito, D. V., Hill, R. A., Klaassen, C. D., Liebler, D. C., Marks, J. G., Shank, R. C., Slaga, T. J., Snyder, P. W., Andersen, F. A. Tags: Articles Source Type: research