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Subchronic Oral Toxicity of Sodium Tungstate in Sprague-Dawley Rats
The subchronic toxicity of sodium tungstate dihydrate aqueous solution in male and female Sprague-Dawley rats was evaluated by daily oral gavage of 0, 10, 75, 125, or 200 mg/kg/d for 90 days. Measured parameters included food consumption, body weight measurements, hematology, clinical chemistry, and histopathological changes. There was a significant decrease in food consumption and body weight gain in males at 200 mg/kg/d from days 77 to 90; however, there was no effect in food consumption and body weights in females. There were no changes in the hematological and clinical parameters studied. Histopathological changes were...
Source: International Journal of Toxicology - August 5, 2015 Category: Toxicology Authors: McCain, W. C., Crouse, L. C. B., Bazar, M. A., Roszell, L. E., Leach, G. J., Middleton, J. R., Reddy, G. Tags: Regular Articles Source Type: research

Long-Term Chronic Toxicity and Mesothelial Cell Reactions Induced by Potassium Octatitanate Fibers (TISMO) in the Left Thoracic Cavity in A/J Female Mice
This study demonstrated that intrathoracic infusion of TISMO fiber did not cause malignant mesothelioma but did cause severe chronic inflammation and proliferation of pleural mesothelial cells. (Source: International Journal of Toxicology)
Source: International Journal of Toxicology - August 5, 2015 Category: Toxicology Authors: Yokohira, M., Hashimoto, N., Nakagawa, T., Nakano, Y., Yamakawa, K., Kishi, S., Kanie, S., Ninomiya, F., Saoo, K., Imaida, K. Tags: Regular Articles Source Type: research

A 9-Month Toxicity and Toxicokinetic Assessment of Subcutaneous Pegylated Human C-peptide (CBX129801) in Cynomolgus Monkeys
C-peptide is formed in the biosynthesis of insulin and is therefore deficient in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. A pegylated form of human synthetic C-peptide (CBX129801) has been developed to extend the half-life of the native peptide and is undergoing clinical investigation as replacement therapy to treat diabetic peripheral neuropathy. This monkey study was conducted to evaluate the toxicity of CBX129801 with weekly subcutaneous dosing for 39 weeks at dose levels of 0 (vehicle), 0.4, 1.33, and 4.0 mg/kg/wk. No systemic adverse effects were observed at any dose with maximal CBX129801 plasma concentrations of 735 ...
Source: International Journal of Toxicology - August 5, 2015 Category: Toxicology Authors: Naas, D., Morris, T., Kousba, A., Mazzoni, M. Tags: Regular Articles Source Type: research

Nonclinical Safety Assessment of PER977: A Small Molecule Reversal Agent for New Oral Anticoagulants and Heparins
A new molecular entity, PER977 (di-arginine piperazine), is in clinical development as an anticoagulant reversal agent for new oral anticoagulants and heparins. The good laboratory practices (GLP)-compliant studies were conducted to evaluate the toxicity of PER977 and its primary metabolite, 1,4-bis(3-aminopropyl)piperazine (BAP). PER977 and BAP were negative for systemic toxicity in dogs and rats. PER977 was rapidly eliminated from the blood with little to no accumulation. PER977 was negative for genotoxicity and did not alter neurological, respiratory, or cardiovascular function. Maximum tolerated doses for PER977 were 4...
Source: International Journal of Toxicology - August 5, 2015 Category: Toxicology Authors: Sullivan, D. W., Gad, S. C., Laulicht, B., Bakhru, S., Steiner, S. Tags: Regular Articles Source Type: research

Mercury Exposure and Endothelial Dysfunction: An Interplay Between Nitric Oxide and Oxidative Stress
Vascular endothelium plays a vital role in the organization and function of the blood vessel and maintains homeostasis of the circulatory system and normal arterial function. Functional disruption of the endothelium is recognized as the beginning event that triggers the development of consequent cardiovascular disease (CVD) including atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease. There is a growing data associating mercury exposure with endothelial dysfunction and higher risk of CVD. This review explores and evaluates the impact of mercury exposure on CVD and endothelial function, highlighting the interplay of nitric oxide an...
Source: International Journal of Toxicology - August 5, 2015 Category: Toxicology Authors: Omanwar, S., Fahim, M. Tags: Review Article Source Type: research

Editor's Note
(Source: International Journal of Toxicology)
Source: International Journal of Toxicology - August 5, 2015 Category: Toxicology Tags: Editor ' s Note Source Type: research

Safety Assessment of Talc as Used in Cosmetics
The Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel (Panel) assessed the safety of talc for use in cosmetics. The safety of talc has been the subject of much debate through the years, partly because the relationship between talc and asbestos is commonly misunderstood. Industry specifications state that cosmetic-grade talc must contain no detectable fibrous, asbestos minerals. Therefore, the large amount of available animal and clinical data the Panel relied on in assessing the safety of talc only included those studies on talc that did not contain asbestos. The Panel concluded that talc is safe for use in cosmetics in the present ...
Source: International Journal of Toxicology - July 30, 2015 Category: Toxicology Authors: Fiume, M. M., Boyer, I., Bergfeld, W. F., Belsito, D. V., Hill, R. A., Klaassen, C. D., Liebler, D. C., Marks, J. G., Shank, R. C., Slaga, T. J., Snyder, P. W., Andersen, F. A. Tags: Articles Source Type: research

Safety Assessment of Galactomannans as Used in Cosmetics
The Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel (Panel) reviewed the safety of 16 galactomannans as used in cosmetics. These ingredients are legume polysaccharides that function mostly as hair/skin-conditioning agents and viscosity-increasing agents in cosmetic products. Their substantial molecular sizes suggest that skin penetration of these ingredients would be unlikely. The Panel concluded that these galactomannans are safe in the present practices of use and concentration described in this safety assessment. (Source: International Journal of Toxicology)
Source: International Journal of Toxicology - July 30, 2015 Category: Toxicology Authors: Johnson, W., Heldreth, B., Bergfeld, W. F., Belsito, D. V., Hill, R. A., Klaassen, C. D., Liebler, D. C., Marks, J. G., Shank, R. C., Slaga, T. J., Snyder, P. W., Andersen, F. A. Tags: Articles Source Type: research

Safety Assessment of Ethanolamides as Used in Cosmetics
The Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel (Panel) rereviewed the safety of 28 ethanolamides and found them safe in the present practices of use and concentration when they are formulated to be nonirritating, and that these ingredients should not be used in cosmetic products in which N-nitroso compounds may be formed. Most of the ethanolamides are reported to function in cosmetics as hair-conditioning agents, skin-conditioning agents, and surfactant—foam boosters. The Panel reviewed available animal and clinical data, as well as information from previous CIR reports. (Source: International Journal of Toxicology)
Source: International Journal of Toxicology - July 30, 2015 Category: Toxicology Authors: Fiume, M. M., Heldreth, B. A., Bergfeld, W. F., Belsito, D. V., Hill, R. A., Klaassen, C. D., Liebler, D. C., Marks, J. G., Shank, R. C., Slaga, T. J., Snyder, P. W., Andersen, F. A. Tags: Articles Source Type: research

Safety Assessment of Dialkyl Malates as Used in Cosmetics
The Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel (Panel) reviewed the safety of 6 dialkyl malate compounds used in cosmetics. These ingredients function mostly as skin-conditioning agents—emollients. The Panel reviewed relevant animal and human data related to the ingredients along with a previous safety assessment of malic acid. The similar structure, properties, functions, and uses of these ingredients enabled grouping them and using the available toxicological data to assess the safety of the entire group. The Panel concluded that these dialkyl maleate compounds are safe in the present practices of use and concentratio...
Source: International Journal of Toxicology - July 30, 2015 Category: Toxicology Authors: Becker, L. C., Bergfeld, W. F., Belsito, D. V., Hill, R. A., Klaassen, C. D., Liebler, D. C., Marks, J. G., Shank, R. C., Slaga, T. J., Snyder, P. W., Andersen, F. A. Tags: Articles Source Type: research

Cognitive Impairment and Neurogenotoxic Effects in Rats Exposed to Low-Intensity Microwave Radiation
The health hazard of microwave radiation (MWR) has become a recent subject of interest as a result of the enormous increase in mobile phone usage. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of chronic low-intensity microwave exposure on cognitive function, heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), and DNA damage in rat brain. Experiments were performed on male Fischer rats exposed to MWR for 180 days at 3 different frequencies, namely, 900, 1800 MHz, and 2450 MHz. Animals were divided into 4 groups: group I: sham exposed; group II: exposed to MWR at 900 MHz, specific absorption rate (SAR) 5.953 x 10–4 W/kg; group III: e...
Source: International Journal of Toxicology - June 2, 2015 Category: Toxicology Authors: Deshmukh, P. S., Nasare, N., Megha, K., Banerjee, B. D., Ahmed, R. S., Singh, D., Abegaonkar, M. P., Tripathi, A. K., Mediratta, P. K. Tags: Special Section: Neurotoxicology Source Type: research

Beneficial Effect of Flavone Derivatives on A{beta}-Induced Memory Deficit Is Mediated by Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor {gamma} Coactivator 1{alpha}: A Comparative Study
In conclusion, it seems that in addition to classical antioxidant effect, flavones exert part of their protective effects through mitochondrial biogenesis. (Source: International Journal of Toxicology)
Source: International Journal of Toxicology - June 2, 2015 Category: Toxicology Authors: Arsalandeh, F., Ahmadian, S., Foolad, F., Khodagholi, F., Farimani, M. M., Shaerzadeh, F. Tags: Special Section: Neurotoxicology Source Type: research

Groundwater Pesticide Levels and the Association With Parkinson Disease
It is unclear whether exposure to environmentally relevant levels of pesticides in groundwater is associated with an increased risk of Parkinson disease (PD). The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between PD and pesticide levels in groundwater. This cross-sectional study included 332 971 Medicare beneficiaries, including 4207 prevalent cases of PD from the 2007 Colorado Medicare Beneficiary Database. Residential pesticide levels were estimated from a spatial model based on 286 well water samples with atrazine, simazine, alachlor, and metolachlor measurements. A logistic regression model with known PD ri...
Source: International Journal of Toxicology - June 2, 2015 Category: Toxicology Authors: James, K. A., Hall, D. A. Tags: Special Section: Neurotoxicology Source Type: research

Mechanisms of Multi-walled Carbon Nanotubes-Induced Oxidative Stress and Genotoxicity in Mouse Fibroblast Cells
The extensive production and wide application of carbon nanotubes have made investigations of its toxic potentials necessary. In the present study, we explored the underlying mechanism through which multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) induce toxicity in mouse fibroblast cells (L929). 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide and neutral red uptake viability assays were used to examine mechanisms of cytotoxicity. Dose and time-dependent cytotoxicity was observed in L929 cells. The MWCNTs significantly increased the generation of reactive oxygen species, lipid peroxidation, superoxide dismutase, and dec...
Source: International Journal of Toxicology - June 2, 2015 Category: Toxicology Authors: Alarifi, S., Ali, D. Tags: Regular Articles Source Type: research

Influence of Sexual Dimorphism on Pulmonary Inflammatory Response in Adult Mice Exposed to Chloroform
This study highlights the risks of occupational chloroform exposure at low concentrations and the intensity of oxidative damage related to gender. The results validate a model of acute exposure that provides cellular and biochemical data through short-term exposure to chloroform. (Source: International Journal of Toxicology)
Source: International Journal of Toxicology - June 2, 2015 Category: Toxicology Authors: Oliveira, T. H. V. d., Campos, K. K. D., Soares, N. P., Pena, K. B., Lima, W. G., Bezerra, F. S. Tags: Regular Articles Source Type: research