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Ninth Triennial Toxicology Salary Survey
This survey serves as the ninth in a series of toxicology salary surveys conducted at 3-year intervals and beginning in 1988. An electronic survey instrument was distributed to 5919 individuals including members of the Society of Toxicology, American College of Toxicology, and 23 additional professional organizations. Question items inquired about gender, age, degree, years of experience, certifications held, areas of specialization, society membership, employment and income. Overall, 1293 responses were received (response rate 21.8%). The results of the 2014 survey provide insight into the job market and career path for c...
Source: International Journal of Toxicology - March 17, 2016 Category: Toxicology Authors: Gad, S. C., Sullivan, D. W. Tags: Salary Survey Source Type: research

General and Genetic Toxicology of Guayusa Concentrate (Ilex guayusa)
Tea from the leaves of guayusa (Ilex guayusa) has a long history of consumption by Ecuadorian natives in regions where the plant is indigenous. The tea contains the methylxanthines caffeine and theobromine as well as chlorogenic acids, flavonoids, and sugars. Various studies were performed to evaluate the general and genetic toxicology of a standardized liquid concentrate of guayusa (GC). Guayusa concentrate was found to be negative in in vitro genotoxicity tests including the Ames test and a chromosome aberration study in human lymphocytes. The oral median lethal dose (LD50) of GC was >5,000 mg/kg for female rats. Guay...
Source: International Journal of Toxicology - March 17, 2016 Category: Toxicology Authors: Kapp, R. W., Mendes, O., Roy, S., McQuate, R. S., Kraska, R. Tags: Food Ingredient Safety Source Type: research

A Comprehensive Toxicological Safety Assessment of an Extract of Olea Europaea L. Leaves (Bonolive™)
A battery of toxicological studies was conducted to investigate the genotoxicity and repeated-dose oral toxicity of Bonolive™, a proprietary water-soluble extract of the leaves of the olive tree (Olea europaea L.), in accordance with internationally accepted protocols. There was no evidence of mutagenicity in a bacterial reverse mutation test and in an vitro mammalian chromosomal aberration test nor was any genotoxic activity observed in an in vivo mouse micronucleus test at concentrations up to the limit dose of 2000 mg/kg bw/d. Bonolive™ did not cause mortality or toxic effects in Crl:(WI)BR Wistar rats in a ...
Source: International Journal of Toxicology - March 17, 2016 Category: Toxicology Authors: Clewell, A. E., Beres, E., Vertesi, A., Glavits, R., Hirka, G., Endres, J. R., Murbach, T. S., Szakonyine, I. P. Tags: Food Ingredient Safety Source Type: research

Newer Approaches to Identify Potential Untoward Effects in Functional Foods
Globalization has greatly accelerated the numbers and variety of food and beverage products available worldwide. The exchange among greater numbers of countries, manufacturers, and products in the United States and worldwide has necessitated enhanced quality measures for nutritional products for larger populations increasingly reliant on functionality. These functional foods, those that provide benefit beyond basic nutrition, are increasingly being used for their potential to alleviate food insufficiency while enhancing quality and longevity of life. In the United States alone, a steady import increase of greater than 15% ...
Source: International Journal of Toxicology - March 17, 2016 Category: Toxicology Authors: Marone, P. A., Birkenbach, V. L., Hayes, A. W. Tags: Food Ingredient Safety Source Type: research

Nicotine and Cotinine Levels With Electronic Cigarette: A Review
Conclusion: This review summarizes e-cigarette studies that contain information on nicotine or cotinine levels. The peak concentration of nicotine appears to be dependent on the use and dose level of e-cigarette cartridge. The value of this peak concentration is similar to the value found with a tobacco cigarette. However, the time corresponding to the peak concentration is delayed compared to a tobacco cigarette. (Source: International Journal of Toxicology)
Source: International Journal of Toxicology - March 17, 2016 Category: Toxicology Authors: Marsot, A., Simon, N. Tags: Reviews Source Type: research

Tolerable Levels of Nonclinical Vehicles and Formulations Used in Studies by Multiple Routes in Multiple Species With Notes on Methods to Improve Utility
Formulation of nonclinical evaluations is a challenge, with the fundamental need to achieve multiples of the clinical exposure complicated by differences in species and routes of administration-specific tolerances, depending on concentrations, volumes, dosing regimen, duration of each administration, and study duration. Current practice to approach these differences is based on individual experience and scattered literature with no comprehensive data source (the most notable exception being our 2006 publication on this same subject). Lack of formulation tolerance data results in excessive animal use, unplanned delays in th...
Source: International Journal of Toxicology - March 17, 2016 Category: Toxicology Authors: Gad, S. C., Spainhour, C. B., Shoemake, C., Pallman, D. R. S., Stricker-Krongrad, A., Downing, P. A., Seals, R. E., Eagle, L. A., Polhamus, K., Daly, J. Tags: Reviews Source Type: research

American College of Toxicology 2015 Poster Abstracts
(Source: International Journal of Toxicology)
Source: International Journal of Toxicology - March 8, 2016 Category: Toxicology Tags: 2015 ACT Annual Meeting Poster Abstracts Source Type: research

Use of Autometallography in Studies of Nanosilver Distribution and Toxicity
With the increasing use of and interest in nanoparticles in medicine and technology, the tissue and cell-specific localization of the particles are important considerations when the nanomaterials find their way into biological systems. This brief communication shows the utility of autometallography in determining the location of metal deposition at the light microscopic level. Although primarily focusing on studies of the toxicity and deposition of silver nanoparticles, use of autometallography to localize zinc and other metals at the tissue and subcellular localization is also recognized. (Source: International Journal of Toxicology)
Source: International Journal of Toxicology - March 8, 2016 Category: Toxicology Authors: Miller, D. L., Yu, I. J., Genter, M. B. Tags: Nanotoxicology Source Type: research

Initial Evaluation of the Safety of Nanoshell-Directed Photothermal Therapy in the Treatment of Prostate Disease
To evaluate the clinical safety profile for the use of gold nanoshells in patients with human prostate cancer. This follows on the nonclinical safety assessment of the AuroShell particles reported previously. Twenty-two patients, with biopsy diagnosed prostate cancer, underwent nanoshell infusion and subsequent radical prostatectomy (RRP). Fifteen of these patients had prostates that were additionally irradiated by a single-fiber laser ablation in each prostate hemisphere prior to RRP. Patients in the study were assessed at 9 time points through 6 months postinfusion. Adverse events were recorded as reported by the patient...
Source: International Journal of Toxicology - March 8, 2016 Category: Toxicology Authors: Stern, J. M., Kibanov Solomonov, V. V., Sazykina, E., Schwartz, J. A., Gad, S. C., Goodrich, G. P. Tags: Nanotoxicology Source Type: research

Multiwall Carbon Nanotube-Induced DNA Damage and Cytotoxicity in Male Human Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been introduced recently as a novel carrier system for both small and large therapeutic molecules. Biotin-functionalized single-wall CNTs have been conjugated with the anticancer agent taxoid using a cleavable linker, and multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) conjugated with iron nanoparticles have been efficiently loaded with doxorubicin. 1,2 The MWCNTs are effective transporters for biological macromolecules and drugs to target cells and tissues, thereby attracting the attention of the biomedical industry. 3 –7 Administrating MWCNTs for medical application invariably involves i...
Source: International Journal of Toxicology - March 8, 2016 Category: Toxicology Authors: Kim, J. S., Song, K. S., Yu, I. J. Tags: Nanotoxicology Source Type: research

MWCNTs Induce ROS Generation, ERK Phosphorylation, and SOD-2 Expression in Human Mesothelial Cells
This study was conducted to investigate the alteration of SOD-2 expression in the human mesothelial cell lines Met-5A after exposure to nontoxic doses of MWCNTs and the potential signaling pathway. The parameters measured included the viability, morphological change, superoxide formation, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) phosphorylation, and messenger RNA (mRNA)/protein levels of SOD-2. Our results showed that MWCNTs upregulated SOD-2 expression at both mRNA and protein level. Coincidently, both superoxide formation and ERK1/2 phosphorylation were observed in Met-5A cells exposed to MWCNTs and were dimini...
Source: International Journal of Toxicology - March 8, 2016 Category: Toxicology Authors: Yu, M., Chen, R., Jia, Z., Chen, J., Lou, J., Tang, S., Zhang, X. Tags: Nanotoxicology Source Type: research

Applied Nanotoxicology
This article includes presentations by experienced toxicologists in the nanotoxicology community who are focused on the applied aspect of the discipline toward supporting state of the art toxicologic assessments for food products and packaging, pharmaceuticals and medical devices, inhaled nanoparticle and gastrointestinal exposures, and addressing occupational safety and health issues and concerns. This symposium overview article summarizes 5 talks that were presented at the 35th Annual meeting of the American College of Toxicology on the subject of "Applied Nanotechnology." (Source: International Journal of Toxicology)
Source: International Journal of Toxicology - March 8, 2016 Category: Toxicology Authors: Hobson, D. W., Roberts, S. M., Shvedova, A. A., Warheit, D. B., Hinkley, G. K., Guy, R. C. Tags: Nanotoxicology Source Type: research

Nanotoxicology: The Toxicology of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures
(Source: International Journal of Toxicology)
Source: International Journal of Toxicology - March 8, 2016 Category: Toxicology Authors: Hobson, D. W. Tags: Guest Editor ' s Note Source Type: research

Safety Assessment of Alkyl Ethylhexanoates as Used in Cosmetics
The Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel (Panel) assessed the safety of 16 alkyl ethylhexanoates for use in cosmetics, concluding that these ingredients are safe in cosmetic formulations in the present practices of use and concentrations when formulated to be nonirritating. The alkyl ethylhexanoates primarily function as skin-conditioning agents in cosmetics. The highest concentration of use reported for any of the alkyl ethylhexanoates is 77.3% cetyl ethylhexanoate in rinse-off formulations used near the eye, and the highest leave-on use reported is 52% cetyl ethylhexanoate in lipstick formulations. The Panel rev...
Source: International Journal of Toxicology - December 17, 2015 Category: Toxicology Authors: Fiume, M., Heldreth, B., Bergfeld, W. F., Belsito, D. V., Hill, R. A., Klaassen, C. D., Liebler, D. C., Marks, J. G., Shank, R. C., Slaga, T. J., Snyder, P. W., Andersen, F. A. Tags: Articles Source Type: research

Safety Assessment of Boron Nitride as Used in Cosmetics
The Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel (Panel) assessed the safety of boron nitride which functions in cosmetics as a slip modifier (ie, it has a lubricating effect). Boron nitride is an inorganic compound with a crystalline form that can be hexagonal, spherical, or cubic; the hexagonal form is presumed to be used in cosmetics. The highest reported concentration of use of boron nitride is 25% in eye shadow formulations. Although boron nitride nanotubes are produced, boron nitride is not listed as a nanomaterial used in cosmetic formulations. The Panel reviewed available chemistry, animal data, and clinical data and co...
Source: International Journal of Toxicology - December 17, 2015 Category: Toxicology Authors: Fiume, M. M., Bergfeld, W. F., Belsito, D. V., Hill, R. A., Klaassen, C. D., Liebler, D. C., Marks, J. G., Shank, R. C., Slaga, T. J., Snyder, P. W., Andersen, F. A. Tags: Articles Source Type: research