International Journal of Toxicology 
This is an RSS file. You can use it to subscribe to this data in your favourite RSS reader or to display this data on your own website or blog.
This is an RSS file. You can use it to subscribe to this data in your favourite RSS reader or to display this data on your own website or blog.Toxicokinetic Model Development for the Insensitive Munitions Component 2,4-Dinitroanisole
The Armed Forces are developing new explosives that are less susceptible to unintentional detonation (insensitive munitions [IMX]). 2,4-Dinitroanisole (DNAN) is a component of IMX. Toxicokinetic data for DNAN are required to support interpretation of toxicology studies and refinement of dose estimates for human risk assessment. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were dosed by gavage (5, 20, or 80 mg DNAN/kg), and blood and tissue samples were analyzed to determine the levels of DNAN and its metabolite 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP). These data and data from the literature were used to develop preliminary physiologically based pharmacokinet...
Source: International Journal of Toxicology - September 13, 2015 Category: Toxicology Authors: Sweeney, L. M., Goodwin, M. R., Hulgan, A. D., Gut, C. P., Bannon, D. I. Tags: Regular Articles Source Type: research
Toxicokinetic Model Development for the Insensitive Munitions Component 3-Nitro-1,2,4-Triazol-5-One
3-Nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO) is a component of insensitive munitions that are potential replacements for conventional explosives. Toxicokinetic data can aid in the interpretation of toxicity studies and interspecies extrapolation, but only limited data on the toxicokinetics and metabolism of NTO are available. To supplement these limited data, further in vivo studies of NTO in rats were conducted and blood concentrations were measured, tissue distribution of NTO was estimated using an in silico method, and physiologically based pharmacokinetic models of the disposition of NTO in rats and macaques were developed and ex...
Source: International Journal of Toxicology - September 13, 2015 Category: Toxicology Authors: Sweeney, L. M., Phillips, E. A., Goodwin, M. R., Bannon, D. I. Tags: Regular Articles Source Type: research
Unexpected Toxicology Findings in Rats Dosed With an Antihuman IL-13 Monoclonal Antibody
Interleukin 13 (IL-13) is a type 2 helper T cytokine involved in allergic inflammation and immune responses to parasites. CNTO5825 is an antihuman IL-13 monoclonal antibody that inhibits the pharmacological activity of human, cynomolgus monkey, and rat IL-13. Repeated dose toxicology studies of 1- to 6-month duration were conducted in both rats and monkeys at doses of 20 to 100 mg/kg/wk. A decrease in the T cell-dependent antibody response to Keyhole Limpet Hemocyanin immunization was observed in monkeys but not in rats. In the 6-month rat study, there was a 2.2-fold increase in eosinophils in males at 3 and 6 months that ...
Source: International Journal of Toxicology - September 13, 2015 Category: Toxicology Authors: Martin, P. L., Nnane, I. P., Branigan, P., Louden, C. Tags: Regular Articles Source Type: research
Epigenetic Regulation in Environmental Chemical Carcinogenesis and its Applicability in Human Health Risk Assessment
The objective of this study is to investigate the relationship between the points of departure (PODs) for cancer incidence and DNA methylation changes in laboratory animals exposed to the following environmental toxicants: bromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethane, chloroform, hydrazine, trichloroethylene, benzidine, trichloroacetic acid, and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP; a known reproductive toxicant). The results demonstrate that the PODs for cancer incidence and altered DNA methylation are similar. Furthermore, based on the available data, the POD for DNA methylation appeared more sensitive compared to that for can...
Source: International Journal of Toxicology - September 13, 2015 Category: Toxicology Authors: Kuppusamy, S. P., Kaiser, J. P., Wesselkamper, S. C. Tags: Regular Articles Source Type: research
Acute Phase Responses to Novel, Investigational Vaccines in Toxicology Studies: The Relationship Between C-Reactive Protein and Other Acute Phase Proteins
The objective of this study was to determine the effects of investigational vaccine candidates on acute-phase proteins (APPs) as determined in GLP toxicology studies. Sixty-four GLP toxicity studies, which were submitted to the Food and Drug Administration from 2008 to 2012 in support of proposed clinical investigations, were reviewed and entered into a database. These studies employed the intramuscular route of injection and were conducted using New Zealand White rabbits. A retrospective review of these GLP toxicity studies was conducted to evaluate the changes in plasma levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), fibrinogen, and...
Source: International Journal of Toxicology - September 13, 2015 Category: Toxicology Authors: Green, M. D. Tags: Regular Articles Source Type: research
Safety Assessment of Pentaerythrityl Tetraesters as Used in Cosmetics
The Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel (Panel) reviewed the safety of 16 pentaerythrityl tetraester compounds as used in cosmetics. These ingredients mostly function as hair-conditioning agents, skin-conditioning agents—miscellaneous and binders, skin-conditioning agents–occlusive, viscosity-increasing agents–nonaqueous, and skin-conditioning agents—emollient. The Panel reviewed the available animal and human data related to these ingredients and previous safety assessments of the fatty acid moieties. The Panel concluded that pentaerythrityl tetraisostearate and the other pentaerythrityl ...
Source: International Journal of Toxicology - September 11, 2015 Category: Toxicology Authors: Becker, L. C., Bergfeld, W. F., Belsito, D. V., Hill, R. A., Klaassen, C. D., Liebler, D. C., Marks, J. G., Shank, R. C., Slaga, T. J., Snyder, P. W., Andersen, F. A. Tags: Articles Source Type: research
Safety Assessment of Ethanolamine and Ethanolamine Salts as Used in Cosmetics
The Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel (Panel) assessed the safety of ethanolamine and 12 salts of ethanolamine as used in cosmetics. Ethanolamine functions as a pH adjuster. The majority of the salts are reported to function as surfactants, and the others are reported to function as pH adjusters, hair fixatives, or preservatives. The Panel reviewed available animal and clinical data, as well as information from previous relevant CIR reports. Because data were not available for each individual ingredient and because the salts dissociate freely in water, the Panel extrapolated from those previous reports to suppo...
Source: International Journal of Toxicology - September 11, 2015 Category: Toxicology Authors: Fiume, M. M., Heldreth, B. A., Bergfeld, W. F., Belsito, D. V., Hill, R. A., Klaassen, C. D., Liebler, D. C., Marks, J. G., Shank, R. C., Slaga, T. J., Snyder, P. W., Andersen, F. A. Tags: Articles Source Type: research
Safety Assessment of Alkyl PEG Sulfosuccinates as Used in Cosmetics
The Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel (Panel) reviewed the safety of alkyl polyethylene glycol (PEG) sulfosuccinates, which function in cosmetics mostly as surfactants/cleansing agents. Although these ingredients may cause ocular and skin irritation, dermal penetration is unlikely because of the substantial polarity and molecular size of these ingredients. The Panel considered the negative oral carcinogenicity and reproductive and developmental toxicity data on chemically related laureths (PEG lauryl ethers) and negative repeated dose toxicity and skin sensitization data on disodium laureth sulfosuccinate suppo...
Source: International Journal of Toxicology - September 11, 2015 Category: Toxicology Authors: Johnson, W., Heldreth, B., Bergfeld, W. F., Belsito, D. V., Hill, R. A., Klaassen, C. D., Liebler, D. C., Marks, J. G., Shank, R. C., Slaga, T. J., Snyder, P. W., Andersen, F. A. Tags: Articles Source Type: research
Safety Assessment of Alkyl Esters as Used in Cosmetics
The Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel (Panel) assessed the safety of 237 alkyl esters for use in cosmetics. The alkyl esters included in this assessment have a variety of reported functions in cosmetics, with skin-conditioning agent being the most common function. The Panel reviewed available animal and clinical data in making its determination of safety on these ingredients, and where there were data gaps, similarity in structure, properties, functions, and uses of these ingredients allowed for extrapolation of the available toxicological data to assess the safety of the entire group. The Panel concluded that these ...
Source: International Journal of Toxicology - September 11, 2015 Category: Toxicology Authors: Fiume, M. M., Heldreth, B. A., Bergfeld, W. F., Belsito, D. V., Hill, R. A., Klaassen, C. D., Liebler, D. C., Marks, J. G., Shank, R. C., Slaga, T. J., Snyder, P. W., Andersen, F. A. Tags: Articles Source Type: research
Book Review: Metabolic Profiling: Disease and Xenobiotics (Volume 21 of Issues in Toxicology)
(Source: International Journal of Toxicology)
Source: International Journal of Toxicology - August 5, 2015 Category: Toxicology Authors: Chengelis, C. P. Tags: Book Reviews Source Type: research
Book Review: Encyclopedia of Toxicology, Third Edition
(Source: International Journal of Toxicology)
Source: International Journal of Toxicology - August 5, 2015 Category: Toxicology Authors: Budny, J. A. Tags: Book Reviews Source Type: research
Cytokines: The Good, the Bad, and the Deadly
Over the past 30 years, the world of pharmaceutical toxicology has seen an explosion in the area of cytokines. An overview of the many aspects of cytokine safety evaluation currently in progress and evolving strategies for evaluating these important entities was presented at this symposium. Cytokines play a broad role to help the immune system respond to diseases, and drugs which modulate their effect have led to some amazing therapies. Cytokines may be "good" when stimulating the immune system to fight a foreign pathogen or attack tumors. Other "good" cytokine effects include reduction of an immune response, for example i...
Source: International Journal of Toxicology - August 5, 2015 Category: Toxicology Authors: Ramani, T., Auletta, C. S., Weinstock, D., Mounho-Zamora, B., Ryan, P. C., Salcedo, T. W., Bannish, G. Tags: ACT Annual Meeting Session Overview Articles Source Type: research
(Q)SAR: A Tool for the Toxicologist
A continuing education (CE) course at the 2014 American College of Toxicology annual meeting covered the topic of (Quantitative) Structure–Activity Relationships [(Q)SAR]. The (Q)SAR methodologies use predictive computer modeling based on predefined rules to describe the relationship between chemical structure and a chemical’s associated biological activity or statistical tools to find correlations between biologic activity and the molecular structure or properties of a compound. The (Q)SAR has applications in risk assessment, drug discovery, and regulatory decision making. Pressure within industry to reduce th...
Source: International Journal of Toxicology - August 5, 2015 Category: Toxicology Authors: Steinbach, T., Gad-McDonald, S., Kruhlak, N., Powley, M., Greene, N. Tags: ACT Annual Meeting Session Overview Articles Source Type: research
Stem Cell Research
Stem cells have great potential in basic research and are being slowly integrated into toxicological research. This symposium provided an overview of the state of the field, stem cell models, described allogenic stem cell treatments and issues of immunogenicity associated with protein therapeutics, and tehn concentrated on stem cell uses in regenerative medicine focusing on lung and testing strategies on engineered tissues from a pathologist’s perspective. (Source: International Journal of Toxicology)
Source: International Journal of Toxicology - August 5, 2015 Category: Toxicology Authors: Trounson, A., Kolaja, K., Petersen, T., Weber, K., McVean, M., Funk, K. A. Tags: ACT Annual Meeting Session Overview Articles Source Type: research
Systems Toxicology: The Future of Risk Assessment
Risk assessment, in the context of public health, is the process of quantifying the probability of a harmful effect to individuals or populations from human activities. With increasing public health concern regarding the potential risks associated with chemical exposure, there is a need for more predictive and accurate approaches to risk assessment. Developing such an approach requires a mechanistic understanding of the process by which xenobiotic substances perturb biological systems and lead to toxicity. Supplementing the shortfalls of traditional risk assessment with mechanistic biological data has been widely discussed...
Source: International Journal of Toxicology - August 5, 2015 Category: Toxicology Authors: Sauer, J. M., Hartung, T., Leist, M., Knudsen, T. B., Hoeng, J., Hayes, A. W. Tags: ACT Annual Meeting Session Overview Articles Source Type: research
