Ethnic Violence and Birth Outcomes: Evidence From Exposure to the 1992 Conflict in Kenya
This study is an examination of the effect of intrauterine exposure to electoral violence on child birth weight, an outcome that has long-term effects on an individual ’s education, income, and health in later life. We consider the electoral violence that resulted from the introduction of multiparty democracy in Kenya as an exogenous source of shock, using a difference-in-differences method and a mother fixed-effects model. We find that prenatal exposure to the violence increased the probabilities of low birth weight and a child being of very small size at birth by 19 and 6 percentage points, respectively. Violence expos...
Source: Demography - March 24, 2020 Category: International Medicine & Public Health Source Type: research
Dynamic Multistate Models With Constant Cross-Product Ratios: Applications to Poverty Status
AbstractCross-product ratios ( αs), which are structurally analogous to odds ratios, are statistically sound and demographically meaningful measures. Assuming constant cross-product ratios in the elements of a matrix of multistate transition probabilities provides a new basis both for calculating probabilities from minimal data and for modeling populations with changing demographic rates. Constant-α estimation parallels log linear modeling, in which the αs are the fixed interactions, and the main effects are calculated from relevant data. Procedures are presented showing how anN state model ’s matrix of transition pro...
Source: Demography - March 23, 2020 Category: International Medicine & Public Health Source Type: research
Cumulative Effects of Doubling Up in Childhood on Young Adult Outcomes
This study estimates the effects on young adult health and educational attainment of childhood years spent in three doubled-up household types: (1) those formed with children ’s grandparent(s), (2) those formed with children’s adult sibling(s), and (3) those formed with other extended family or non-kin adults. Using marginal structural models and inverse probability of treatment weighting—methods that account for the fact that household composition is both a cause and consequence of other family characteristics—I find that doubling up shapes children’s life chances, but the effects vary depending on children’s ...
Source: Demography - March 22, 2020 Category: International Medicine & Public Health Source Type: research
Transition of Son Preference: Evidence From South Korea
AbstractSex ratio at birth remains highly skewed in many Asian countries because of son preference. The ratio in South Korea, however, declined beginning in 1990 and reached the natural range in 2007. We study changes in child gender effects on fertility and parental investment during this period of decreasing sex ratio at birth. We find that gender discrimination on the extensive margin (fertility), such as sex-selective abortions and son-biased stopping rules, have nearly disappeared among recent cohorts. On the intensive margin (parental inputs), boys receive higher expenditures on private academic education, have mothe...
Source: Demography - March 22, 2020 Category: International Medicine & Public Health Source Type: research
Does Skin Tone Matter? Immigrant Mobility in the U.S. Labor Market
AbstractA rich literature has documented the negative association between dark skin tone and many dimensions of U.S.-born Americans ’ life chances. Despite the importance of both skin tone and immigration in the American experience, few studies have explored the effect of skin tone on immigrant assimilation longitudinally. I analyze data from the New Immigrant Survey (NIS) 2003 to examine how skin tone is associated with occup ational achievement at three time points: the last job held abroad, the first job held in the United States, and the current job. Dark-skinned immigrants experience steeper downward mobility at arr...
Source: Demography - March 19, 2020 Category: International Medicine & Public Health Source Type: research
The Consequences of Incarceration for Mortality in the United States
AbstractPrevious research has suggested that incarceration has negative implications for individuals ’ well-being, health, and mortality. Most of these studies, however, have not followed former prisoners over an extended period and into older adult ages, when the risk of health deterioration and mortality is the greatest. Contributing to this literature, this study is the first to employ the Pan el Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) to estimate the long-run association between individual incarceration and mortality over nearly 40 years. We also supplement those analyses with data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Yo...
Source: Demography - March 18, 2020 Category: International Medicine & Public Health Source Type: research
Same-Sex Couples ’ Shared Time in the United States
This study examines and compares shared time for same-sex and different-sex coresident couples using large, nationally representative data from the 2003 –2016 American Time Use Survey (ATUS). We compare the total time that same-sex couples and different-sex couples spend together; for parents, the time they spend together with children; and for both parents and nonparents, the time they spend together with no one else present and the time they spe nd with others (excluding children). After we control for demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of the couples, women in same-sex couples spend more time together, both...
Source: Demography - March 16, 2020 Category: International Medicine & Public Health Source Type: research
Natural Hazards, Disasters, and Demographic Change: The Case of Severe Tornadoes in the United States, 1980 –2010
AbstractNatural hazards and disasters distress populations and inflict damage on the built environment, but existing studies yielded mixed results regarding their lasting demographic implications. I leverage variation across three decades of block group exposure to an exogenous and acute natural hazard —severe tornadoes—to focus conceptually on social vulnerability and to empirically assess local net demographic change. Using matching techniques and a difference-in-difference estimator, I find that severe tornadoes result in no net change in local population size but lead to compositional chan ges, whereby affected nei...
Source: Demography - March 12, 2020 Category: International Medicine & Public Health Source Type: research
Correction to: New Destinations and the Early Childhood Education of Mexican-Origin Children
In the original article, the authors neglected to include information in the Acknowledgements section about one additional NICHD grant that funded the study. (Source: Demography)
Source: Demography - March 12, 2020 Category: International Medicine & Public Health Source Type: research
Parental Migration and Early Childhood Development in Rural China
AbstractNearly one-quarter of all children under age 2 in China are left behind in the countryside as parents migrate to urban areas for work. We use a four-wave longitudinal survey following young children from 6 to 30 months of age to provide first evidence on the effects of parental migration on development, health, and nutritional outcomes in the critical first stages of life. We find that maternal migration has a negative effect on cognitive development: migration before children reach 12 months of age reduces cognitive development by 0.3 standard deviations at age 2. Possible mechanisms include reduced dietary divers...
Source: Demography - March 11, 2020 Category: International Medicine & Public Health Source Type: research
Fertility History and Biomarkers Using Prospective Data: Evidence From the 1958 National Child Development Study
AbstractResearch on the later-life health implications of fertility history has predominantly considered associations with mortality or self-reported indicators of health. Most of this previous research has either not been able to account for selection factors related to both early-life and later-life health or has had to rely on retrospectively reported accounts of childhood circumstances. Using the 1958 National Child Development Study, and in particular the biomedical survey conducted in 2002 –2003, we investigate associations between fertility histories (number of children and age at first and at last birth) and biom...
Source: Demography - March 3, 2020 Category: International Medicine & Public Health Source Type: research
Intentionally or Ambivalently Risking a Short Interpregnancy Interval: Reproductive-Readiness Factors in Women ’s Postpartum Non-Use of Contraception
AbstractA focus of research on short interpregnancy intervals (IPI) has been on young disadvantaged women whose births are likely to be unintended. Later initiation of family formation in the United States and other high-income countries points to the need to also consider a woman ’s attributes indicative of readiness for purposefully accelerated family formation achieved through short IPIs. We test for whether factors indicating “reproductive readiness”—including being married, being older, and having just had a first birth or a birth later than desired—predict a w oman’s non-use of contraception in the postpa...
Source: Demography - February 23, 2020 Category: International Medicine & Public Health Source Type: research
Migration and Unrest in the Deep South Thailand: A Multilevel Analysis of a Longitudinal Study
This study examines how migration in the three southernmost provinces is affected by the ongoing unrest. Data are drawn from household probability surveys conducted in 2014 and 2016. An individual sample of 3,467 persons who were household residents at the 2014 survey was followed to see who remained in the household of origin or moved out two years later (2016 survey). Data on violent events from the Deep South Watch, an independent organization, were used to measure exposure to violence. Results from a multilevel analysis show that net of other characteristics at the individual, household, and village levels, individuals...
Source: Demography - February 17, 2020 Category: International Medicine & Public Health Source Type: research
Does Sexual Orientation Complicate the Relationship Between Marital Status and Gender With Self-rated Health and Cardiovascular Disease?
AbstractA substantial body of work has demonstrated the importance of marital status for health, yet the vast majority of this work has studied heterosexual marriages and relationships. To understand the role of marital status in shaping health among heterosexual, lesbian, gay, and bisexual men and women, we examine data from a probability-based sample of adults living in 40 U.S. states for selected years between 2011 –2015. We test two physical health outcomes—poor-to-fair self-rated health and cardiovascular disease—and present predicted probabilities and pairwise comparisons from logistic regression models before ...
Source: Demography - February 13, 2020 Category: International Medicine & Public Health Source Type: research
Immigrant Fertility in Comparative Perspective: South Africa and the United States
AbstractBecause immigrant fertility is situated within two societies, the resultant childbearing patterns reflect a culmination of selectivity into migration alongside blended experiences of origin-destination contexts around fertility norms. We analyze the ways that national origin shapes patterns of childbearing within fertility covariates. We use data from Statistics South Africa and the United States Census Bureau harmonized in the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series, International for a disaggregated analysis of the odds of a birth in the past year among the three most prominent immigrant groups compared with nativ...
Source: Demography - February 6, 2020 Category: International Medicine & Public Health Source Type: research
