Muslim –Non-Muslim Locational Attainment in Philadelphia: A New Fault Line in Residential Inequality?
This study examines Muslim –non-Muslim disparities in locational attainment. We pool data from the 2004, 2006, and 2008 waves of the Public Health Management Corporation’s Southeastern Pennsylvania Household Survey. These data contain respondents’ religious identities and are geocoded at the census-tract level, allowing us to merge American Community Survey data and examine neighborhood-level outcomes to gauge respondents’ locational attainment. Net of controls, our multivariate analyses reveal that among blacks and nonblacks, Muslims live in neighborhoods that have significantly lower shares of whites and great er...
Source: Demography - June 24, 2019 Category: International Medicine & Public Health Source Type: research
Beyond the Great Recession: Labor Market Polarization and Ongoing Fertility Decline in the United States
In this study, I propose an economic explanation for why fertility rates have continued to decline regardless of improvements in conventional economic indicators. I argue that ongoingstructural changes in U.S. labor markets have prolonged the financial uncertainty that leads women and couples to delay or forgo childbearing. Combining statistical and survey data with restricted-use vital registration records, I examine how cyclical and structural changes in metropolitan-area labor markets were associated with changes in total fertility rates (TFRs) across racial/ethnic groups from the early 1990s to the present day, with a ...
Source: Demography - June 17, 2019 Category: International Medicine & Public Health Source Type: research
The Effect of the Earned Income Tax Credit on Housing and Living Arrangements
AbstractAs rents have risen and wages have not kept pace, housing affordability in the United States has declined over the last 15 years, impacting the housing and living arrangements of low-income families. Housing subsidies improve the housing situations of low-income families, but less than one in four eligible families receive a voucher. In this article, we analyze whether one of the largest anti-poverty programs in the United States —the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC)—affects the housing (eviction, homelessness, and affordability) and living arrangements (doubling up, number of people in the household, and crowdi...
Source: Demography - June 16, 2019 Category: International Medicine & Public Health Source Type: research
Measuring Cohabitation in U.S. National Surveys
AbstractCohabitation is one of the fastest growing family forms in the United States. It is widespread and continues to increase but has not been consistently measured across surveys. It is important to track the quality of data on cohabitation because it has implications for research on the correlates and consequences of cohabitation for adults and children. Recent rounds of the Current Population Survey (CPS), National Longitudinal Survey of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health), National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY-97), and National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG) provide an opportunity to contrast estimates of ...
Source: Demography - June 16, 2019 Category: International Medicine & Public Health Source Type: research
Randomness in the Bedroom: There Is No Evidence for Fertility Control in Pre-Industrial England
AbstractOverturning a generation of research, Cinnirella et al.Demography, 54, 413 –436 (2017) found strong parity-dependent fertility control in pre-Industrial England 1540 –1850. We show that their result is an unfortunate artifact of their statistical method, relying on mother fixed effects, which contradicts basic biological possibilities for fecundity. These impossible parity effects also appear with simulated fertility data that by design have no parity control. We conclude that estimating parity control using mother fixed effects is in no way feasible. We also show, using the Cambridge Group data that Cinnirella...
Source: Demography - June 16, 2019 Category: International Medicine & Public Health Source Type: research
Regional and Racial Inequality in Infectious Disease Mortality in U.S. Cities, 1900 –1948
We report three main results. First, urban infectious mortality was higher in the South in every year from 1900 to 1948. Second, infectious mortality declined later in southern cities than in cities in the other regions. Third, comparatively high infectious mortality in southern cities was driven primarily by extremely high infectious mortality among African Americans. From 1906 to 1920, African Americans in cities experienced a rate of death from infectious disease that was greater than what urban whites experienced during the 1918 flu pandemic. (Source: Demography)
Source: Demography - June 12, 2019 Category: International Medicine & Public Health Source Type: research
Further Evidence of Within-Marriage Fertility Control in Pre-Transitional England
AbstractThe identification of parity effects on the hazard of a next birth in cross-family data requires accounting for heterogeneity in fecundity across couples. In a previously published article, Cinnirella et al.Demography, 54, 413 –436 (2017), we stratified duration models at the maternal level for this purpose and found that the hazard of a next birth decreases with rising parity in historical England. Clark and CumminsDemography, 56 (2019) took issue with this finding, claiming that the result is a statistical artifact caused by stratification at the maternal level. This reply documents that our previous finding is...
Source: Demography - June 11, 2019 Category: International Medicine & Public Health Source Type: research
Do Children Carry the Weight of Divorce?
AbstractRelatively few studies have examined the physical health of children who experience parental separation. The few studies on this topic have largely focused on the United States and have used cross-sectional designs. Our study investigates the relationship between parental separation and children ’s body mass index (BMI) and overweight/obesity risk using the UK Millennium Cohort Study. Treating parental separation as a process, we analyze variations in children’s physical health before and after the date of their parents’ separation in order to capture potential anticipation, adaptatio n, delayed, or cumulativ...
Source: Demography - June 10, 2019 Category: International Medicine & Public Health Source Type: research
Immigrants in Their Parental Homeland: Half a Million U.S.-born Minors Settle Throughout Mexico
AbstractIn the past 10 years, a historical change occurred in migration flows within North America: specifically, Mexico –U.S. migration reached zero net migration. Alongside Mexican adults returning to their homeland was an unprecedented number of U.S.-born minors. Little is known about this massive migration of U.S. citizen children. We analyze Mexican census data from 2000 to 2015 to estimate the size and charact eristics of the population of U.S.-born minors residing in Mexico. Between 2000 and 2010, the population of U.S.-born minors doubled to more than half a million. The population stabilized, aged, and became lo...
Source: Demography - June 9, 2019 Category: International Medicine & Public Health Source Type: research
A General Age-Specific Mortality Model With an Example Indexed by Child Mortality or Both Child and Adult Mortality
AbstractThe majority of countries in Africa and nearly one-third of all countries require mortality models to infer the complete age schedules of mortality that are required to conduct population estimates, projections/forecasts, and other tasks in demography and epidemiology. Models that relate child mortality to mortality at other ages are important because almost all countries have measures of child mortality. A general, parameterizable component model (SVD-Comp) of mortality is defined using the singular value decomposition and calibrated to the relationship between child or child/adult mortality and mortality at other...
Source: Demography - May 27, 2019 Category: International Medicine & Public Health Source Type: research
Shared Lifetimes, Multigenerational Exposure, and Educational Mobility
AbstractIn this article, we report analyses of the effects of fertility and mortality trends on the mutual exposure of grandparents and grandchildren and their consequences for multigenerational processes of social mobility in the United States from 1900 to 2010. Using historical vital statistics and stable population models, we report systematic analyses of grandparent-grandchild exposures from both prospective (grandparent) and retrospective (grandchild) perspectives. We also estimate exposure levels and trends specific to education levels of grandparents and grandchildren and decompose the overall trend into the effect ...
Source: Demography - May 15, 2019 Category: International Medicine & Public Health Source Type: research
Boys, Girls, and Grandparents: The Impact of the Sex of Preschool-Aged Children on Family Living Arrangements and Maternal Labor Supply
In this study, we consider household decision-making on living arrangements and maternal labor supply in extended families with young children. In such a context, decision-making is driven by the concerns that the companionship of children is a household public good and that family members share childcare and related domestic duties. The incentive to share children ’s companionship is affected by son preference, whereas the economic motive of labor division hinges on the potential wage rate of the mother. Both channels play important roles in households with mothers whose wage rates are high, while sharing the companions...
Source: Demography - May 12, 2019 Category: International Medicine & Public Health Source Type: research
Advanced School Progression Relative to Age and Early Family Formation in Mexico
AbstractResearch has documented a negative association between women ’s educational attainment and early sexual intercourse, union formation, and pregnancy. However, the implications that school progression relative to age may have for the timing and order of such transitions are poorly understood. In this article, I argue that educational attainment has different implications depending on a student’s progression through school grades relative to her age. Using month of birth and age-at-school-entry policies to estimate the effect of advanced school progression by age, I show that it accelerates the occurrence of famil...
Source: Demography - May 5, 2019 Category: International Medicine & Public Health Source Type: research
The Effects of Conflict on Fertility: Evidence From the Genocide in Rwanda
This article contributes to the literature on the demographic effects of violent conflict by testing two channels through which conflict influences fertility: (1) the type of violence exposure as measured by the death of a child or sibling, and (2) the conflict-induced change in local demographic conditions as captured by the change in the district-level sex ratio. Results indicate the genocide had heterogeneous effects on fertility, depending on the type of violence experienced by the woman, her age cohort, parity, and the time horizon (5, 10, and 15 years after the genocide). There is strong evidence of a child replaceme...
Source: Demography - May 5, 2019 Category: International Medicine & Public Health Source Type: research
Looking Back in Anger? Retirement and Unemployment Scarring
AbstractUnemployment affects future working conditions and job security negatively, thus reducing life satisfaction after reemployment. These employment-related scars of unemployment should not matter anymore when a person has retired. Using German panel data, we analyze unemployed persons ’ transition into retirement to test whether unemployment leaves scars beyond working life and thus for reasons that are not employment-related. We find that involuntary unemployment between the last job and retirement causes a loss in life satisfaction after retirement. People who influenced or e ven initiated unemployment, by contras...
Source: Demography - April 29, 2019 Category: International Medicine & Public Health Source Type: research
