Life and Death in the American City: Men ’s Life Expectancy in 25 Major American Cities From 1990 to 2015
AbstractThe past several decades have witnessed growing geographic disparities in life expectancy within the United States, yet the mortality experience of U.S. cities has received little attention. We examine changes in men ’s life expectancy at birth for the 25 largest U.S. cities from 1990 to 2015, using mortality data with city of residence identifiers. We reveal remarkable increases in life expectancy for several U.S. cities. Men’s life expectancy increased by 13.7 years in San Francisco and Washington, DC, and by 11.8 years in New York between 1990 and 2015, during which overall U.S. life expectancy increased by ...
Source: Demography - October 31, 2019 Category: International Medicine & Public Health Source Type: research
Correction to: Determinants of Influenza Mortality Trends: Age-Period-Cohort Analysis of Influenza Mortality in the United States, 1959 –2016
First, we use Lexis surfaces based on Serfling models to highlight influenza mortality patterns as well as to identify lingering effects of early-life exposure to specific influenza virus subtypes (e.g., H1N1, H3N2). (Source: Demography)
Source: Demography - October 27, 2019 Category: International Medicine & Public Health Source Type: research
The Causal Effect of Maternal Education on Child Mortality: Evidence From a Quasi-Experiment in Malawi and Uganda
AbstractSince the 1980s, the demographic literature has suggested that maternal schooling plays a key role in determining children ’s chances of survival in low- and middle-income countries; however, few studies have successfully identified a causal relationship between maternal education and under-5 mortality. To identify such a causal effect, we exploited exogenous variation in maternal education induced by schooling reform s introducing universal primary education in the second half of the 1990s in Malawi and Uganda. Using a two-stage residual inclusion approach and combining individual-level data from Demographic and...
Source: Demography - October 6, 2019 Category: International Medicine & Public Health Source Type: research
Bisexuality, Union Status, and Gender Composition of the Couple: Reexamining Marital Advantage in Health
AbstractIt has long been documented that married individuals have better health outcomes than unmarried individuals. However, this marital advantage paradigm has been developed primarily based on heterosexual populations. No studies to date have examined the health effects of marriage among bisexuals, one of the most disadvantaged but understudied sexual minority groups, although a few have shown mixed results for gays and lesbians. Similarly, no research has examined how the gender composition of a couple may shape bisexuals ’ health outcomes above and beyond the effects of sexual orientation. We analyzed pooled data fr...
Source: Demography - September 18, 2019 Category: International Medicine & Public Health Source Type: research
The Segregation of Opportunity: Social and Financial Resources in the Educational Contexts of Lower- and Higher-Income Children, 1990 –2014
This article provides a rich longitudinal portrait of the financial and social resources available in the school districts of high- and low-income students in the United States from 1990 to 2014. Combining multiple publicly available data sources for most school districts in the United States, we document levels and gaps in school districtfinancial resources —total per-pupil expenditures—andsocial resources —local rates of adult educational attainment, family structure, and adult unemployment—available to the average public school student at a variety of income levels over time. In addition to using eligibility for...
Source: Demography - September 9, 2019 Category: International Medicine & Public Health Source Type: research
Multiple-Partner Fertility and Cohort Change in the Prevalence of Half-Siblings
This study uses nationally representative data from the 1979 and 1997 cohorts of the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth to examine cohort change in children ’s exposure to multiple-partner fertility. We find that one in five children in the 1979 cohort had at least one half-sibling by their 18th birthday, and the prevalence grew to more than one in four children by the 1997 cohort. A strong educational gradient in exposure to half-siblings persists ac ross both cohorts, but large racial/ethnic disparities have narrowed over time. Using demographic decomposition techniques, we find that change in the racial/ethnic and...
Source: Demography - September 8, 2019 Category: International Medicine & Public Health Source Type: research
Sharing the Load: How Do Coresident Children Influence the Allocation of Work and Schooling in Northwestern Tanzania?
AbstractEconomic and evolutionary models of parental investment often predict education biases toward earlier-born children, resulting from either household resource dilution or parental preference. Previous research, however, has not always found these predicted biases —perhaps because in societies where children work, older children are more efficient at household tasks and substitute for younger children, whose time can then be allocated to school. The role of labor substitution in determining children’s schooling remains uncertain, however, because few stud ies have simultaneously considered intrahousehold variatio...
Source: Demography - September 8, 2019 Category: International Medicine & Public Health Source Type: research
The Effects of Adolescent Childbearing on Literacy and Numeracy in Bangladesh, Malawi, and Zambia
AbstractGlobal investments in girls ’ education have been motivated, in part, by an expectation that more-educated women will have smaller and healthier families. However, in many low- and middle-income countries, the timing of school dropout and first birth coincide, resulting in a rapid transition from the role of student to the r ole of mother for adolescent girls. Despite growing interest in the effects of pregnancy on levels of school dropout, researchers have largely overlooked the potential effect of adolescent childbearing on literacy and numeracy. We hypothesize that becoming a mother soon after leaving school m...
Source: Demography - September 8, 2019 Category: International Medicine & Public Health Source Type: research
Determinants of Influenza Mortality Trends: Age-Period-Cohort Analysis of Influenza Mortality in the United States, 1959 –2016
This study examines the roles of age, period, and cohort in influenza mortality trends over the years 1959 –2016 in the United States. First, we use Serfling models based on Lexis surfaces to highlight influenza mortality patterns as well as to identify lingering effects of early-life exposure to specific influenza virus subtypes (e.g., H1N1, H3N2). Second, we use age-period-cohort (APC) methods to exp lore APC linear trends and identify changes in the slope of these trends (contrasts). Our analyses reveal a series of breakpoints where the magnitude and direction of birth cohort trends significantly change, mostly corres...
Source: Demography - September 8, 2019 Category: International Medicine & Public Health Source Type: research
Reexamining the Influence of Conditional Cash Transfers on Migration From a Gendered Lens
This study broadly argues that the impact of such antipoverty programs is more gendered than previously thought and emphasizes the importance of examining previously studied outc omes in ways that consider the specific subject locations of recipients in order to better understand both the logics underlying development policy and the process of migration itself. (Source: Demography)
Source: Demography - September 2, 2019 Category: International Medicine & Public Health Source Type: research
New Destinations and the Early Childhood Education of Mexican-Origin Children
This study examined differences in exposure to early childhood education among Mexican-origin children across Latino/a destinations. Early childhood educational enrollment patterns, which are highly sensitive to community resources and foundational components of long-term educational inequalities, can offer a valuable window into how destinations may be shaping incorporation among Mexican-origin families. Integrating data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Birth Cohort with county-level data from the decennial census, multilevel logistic regression models revealed that Mexican-origin, black, and white children had...
Source: Demography - September 2, 2019 Category: International Medicine & Public Health Source Type: research
Correction to: Fraying Families: Demographic Divergence in the Parental Safety Net
The article [Fraying Families: Demographic Divergence in the Parental Safety Net] written by [Heeju Sohn], was originally published electronically on the publisher ’s internet portal (currently SpringerLink) on [1 July 2019] without open access. (Source: Demography)
Source: Demography - August 28, 2019 Category: International Medicine & Public Health Source Type: research
Bounding Analyses of Age-Period-Cohort Effects
AbstractFor more than a century, researchers from a wide range of disciplines have sought to estimate the unique contributions of age, period, and cohort (APC) effects on a variety of outcomes. A key obstacle to these efforts is the linear dependence among the three time scales. Various methods have been proposed to address this issue, but they have suffered from either ad hoc assumptions or extreme sensitivity to small differences in model specification. After briefly reviewing past work, we outline a new approach for identifying temporal effects in population-level data. Fundamental to our framework is the recognition th...
Source: Demography - August 27, 2019 Category: International Medicine & Public Health Source Type: research
Mortality and Macroeconomic Conditions: What Can We Learn From France?
This study uses aggregate panel data on Frenchd épartements to investigate the relationship between macroeconomic conditions and mortality from 1982 to 2014. We find no consistent relationship between macroeconomic conditions and all-cause mortality in France. The results are robust across different specifications, over time, and across different geographic levels. However, we find that heterogeneity across age groups and mortality causes matters. Furthermore, in areas with a low average educational level, a large population, and a high share of migrants, mortality is significantly countercyclical. Similar to the case in ...
Source: Demography - August 25, 2019 Category: International Medicine & Public Health Source Type: research
Choice Set Formation in Residential Mobility and Its Implications for Segregation Dynamics
AbstractWe develop and estimate a statistical model of neighborhood choice that draws on insights from cognitive science and decision theory as well as qualitative studies of housing search. The model allows for a sequential decision process and the possibility that people consider a small and selective subset of all potential destinations. When combined with data from the Los Angeles Family and Neighborhood Survey, our model reveals that affordability constraints and households ’ tendency toward short-distance moves lead blacks and Hispanics to have racially stratified choice sets in which their own group is disproporti...
Source: Demography - August 20, 2019 Category: International Medicine & Public Health Source Type: research
