Cumulative Risks of Multiple Criminal Justice Outcomes in New York City
This article addresses our limited understanding of the scope of subfelony justice by providing estimates of the cumulative risk of several lower-level arrest outcomes for one jurisdiction: New York City. Because of excess life table events contributed by nonresidents of New York City, estimates are likely upwardly biased relative to the true values. Nonetheless, they allow us to (1) assess the cumulative risk of misdemeanor conviction and jail sentences and (2) determine to what extent those who enter the world of subfelony justice are distinct from those with felony or imprisonment records. (Source: Demography)
Source: Demography - April 29, 2019 Category: International Medicine & Public Health Source Type: research
Just Another Level? Comparing Quantitative Patterns of Global Expansion of School and Higher Education Attainment
This study addresses this gap by comparing the trajectories of higher education expansion with those experienced at other levels on their course to universal or near-universal access. We demonstrate that a population-level model of expansion toward universal access fits higher education as well as lower levels of education (i.e., primary and secondary education). In other words, that there is noprima facie evidence of a ceiling in higher education enrollment that would indicate saturation significantly below 100 % participation. Claims that are premised on such a ceiling should therefore consider empirical evidence for t...
Source: Demography - April 17, 2019 Category: International Medicine & Public Health Source Type: research
Natives ’ Attitudes and Immigrants’ Unemployment Durations
In this study, we investigate how the attitude of natives —defined as the perceived trustworthiness of citizens from different countries—affects immigrants’ labor market outcomes in Germany. Evidence in the literature suggests that barriers to economic assimilation might be higher for some groups of immigrants, but the role of natives’ heterogeneou s attitudes toward immigrants from different countries of origin has received little attention. Using individual-level panel data from the German Socio-Economic Panel covering the years 1984 to 2014, we apply survival analysis methods to model immigrants’ unemployment ...
Source: Demography - April 16, 2019 Category: International Medicine & Public Health Source Type: research
Neighborhood Diversity, Neighborhood Affluence: An Analysis of the Neighborhood Destination Choices of Mixed-Race Couples With Children
AbstractPast research has indicated that mixed-race couples with children appear to possess a heightened preference for neighborhoods that are racially and ethnically diverse and relatively affluent so as to reside in areas that are requisitely accepting of, and safe for, their children. However, neighborhoods with higher racial and ethnic diversity tend to be lower in socioeconomic status, implying that some residentially mobile mixed-race couples with children encounter trade-offs between neighborhood diversity and neighborhood affluence in their residential search processes. To investigate this, we apply discrete-choice...
Source: Demography - April 15, 2019 Category: International Medicine & Public Health Source Type: research
Race Matters: Income Shares, Income Inequality, and Income Mobility for All U.S. Races
AbstractUsing unique linked data, we examine income inequality and mobility across racial and ethnic groups in the United States. Our data encompass the universe of income tax filers in the United States for the period 2000 –2014, matched with individual-level race and ethnicity information from multiple censuses and American Community Survey data. We document both income inequality and mobility trends over the period. We find significant stratification in terms of average incomes by racial/ethnic group and distinct differences in within-group income inequality. The groups with the highest incomes—whites and Asians—a...
Source: Demography - April 2, 2019 Category: International Medicine & Public Health Source Type: research
A Note on the Effect of Religiosity on Fertility
AbstractVery few studies have examined the effect of religiosity on fertility at the macro level. This note extends these studies by using a larger data set and more advanced econometric techniques. In addition, this note estimates the macro-level effect of religiosity on fertility both for a total sample of 25 Christian countries between 1925 and 2000 and for three subsamples: Catholic, Protestant, and mixed Catholic-Protestant countries. Results show that religiosity, in general, has a positive long-run effect on fertility. However, this effect is not significant for Catholic countries. (Source: Demography)
Source: Demography - March 31, 2019 Category: International Medicine & Public Health Source Type: research
Causal Impact of Having a College Degree on Women ’s Fertility: Evidence From Regression Kink Designs
This study analyzes the causal impact of higher education on fertility using census data administered by Statistics Korea. To account for the endogeneity of education, this study exploits the Korean higher education reform initiated in 1993 that boosted women ’s likelihood of graduating from college. Based on regression kink designs, we find that having a college degree reduces the likelihood of childbirths by 23 percentage points and the total number of childbirths by 1.3. Analyses of possible mechanisms show that labor market–related factors are a significant channel driving the negative effects; female college gradu...
Source: Demography - March 20, 2019 Category: International Medicine & Public Health Source Type: research
Proximate Sources of Change in Trajectories of First Marriage in the United States, 1960 –2010
This study examines proximate sources of change in first-marriage trajectories in the United States between 1960 and 2010. This was a period of tremendous social change: divorce became more common, people started marrying later or not marrying at all, innovations in medicine and changes in social and behavioral factors led to reduced mortality, inequality grew stronger and was reflected by more intense assortative mating, and the country underwent a massive educational expansion. Each of these factors influenced the formation and dissolution of first marriages over this period. This article extends the multiple-decrement l...
Source: Demography - March 20, 2019 Category: International Medicine & Public Health Source Type: research
Tied Together: Adolescent Friendship Networks, Immigrant Status, and Health Outcomes
This study examines the social integration of adolescent immigrants by directly analyzing the composition of their friendship networks. Using statistical network analysis, I first consider whether adolescents are more likely to befriend peers who share their immigrant generation status in a large, diverse sample of 7th through 12th graders from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (n = 67,586). Next, I test whether having a higher proportion of same-generation friends can protect immigrant youth from experiencing negative health outcomes and adopting risky behaviors. Results indicate that adolescen...
Source: Demography - March 17, 2019 Category: International Medicine & Public Health Source Type: research
Is the Family Size of Parents and Children Still Related? Revisiting the Cross-Generational Relationship Over the Last Century
This article analyzes the strength of the intergenerational transmission of family size over the last century, including a focus on this reproduction in large and small families. Using the large-scale French Family Survey (2011), we show a weak but significant correlation of approximately 0.12 –0.15, which is comparable with levels in other Western countries. It is stronger for women than men, with a gender convergence across cohorts. A decrease in intergenerational transmission is observed across birth cohorts regardless of whether socioeconomic factors are controlled, supporting the i dea that the family of origin has ...
Source: Demography - March 12, 2019 Category: International Medicine & Public Health Source Type: research
Family Change and Changing Family Demography
AbstractIncreases in life expectancy, high rates of movement into and out of couple relationships, and increasing exposure to stepfamilies raise new questions about who is in a family, the distinction between who lives together and who is a family member, and the extent to which family members are expected to meet the long-term obligations that define kinship. These questions are important because families have traditionally served as a vital private safety net for family members. Demographic changes increase family members ’ uncertainty about their relationships. Family ties are less stable and more uncertain among the ...
Source: Demography - March 4, 2019 Category: International Medicine & Public Health Source Type: research
Health Measurement and Health Inequality Over the Life Course: A Comparison of Self-rated Health, SF-12, and Grip Strength
In this study, I tested the cumulative (dis)advantage hypothesis using a self-reported subjective measure (self-rated health), a self-reported semi-objective measure (PCS based on SF-12), and an objective measure (grip strength) of general physical health. Hierarchical linear models applied to five waves of panel data (SOEP, 2006 –2014,N = 3,635 individuals aged 25 to 83, comprisingN = 9,869 person-years) showed large differences between health measures. Among men, education differences in both self-reported measures of health widened substantially with age, consistent with the cumulative (dis)advantage hypothesis. For g...
Source: Demography - March 4, 2019 Category: International Medicine & Public Health Source Type: research
The Impact of the Homicide Decline on Life Expectancy of African American Males
AbstractHomicide is a leading cause of death for young people in the United States aged 15 –34, but it has a disproportionate impact on one subset of the population: African American males. The national decline in homicide mortality that occurred from 1991 to 2014 thus provides an opportunity to generate evidence on a unique question—How do population health and health inequality chan ge when the prevalence of one of the leading causes of death is cut in half? In this article, we estimate the impact of the decline in homicide mortality on life expectancy at birth as well as years of potential life lost for African Amer...
Source: Demography - March 4, 2019 Category: International Medicine & Public Health Source Type: research
Change in the Stability of First Premarital Cohabitation Among Women in the United States, 1983 –2013
AbstractThe rapid growth in cohabitation over the past quarter-century necessitates studies of changes in the stability and outcomes of cohabitation. We utilized data from the 1988 National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG) and the most recent NSFG data from 2011 –2013 to examine the outcomes of two comparable cohorts of first premarital cohabiting women (1983–1988 and 2006–2013). Our results showed that cohabitations formed between 2006 and 2013 lasted longer—18 months, on average—than those formed in the mid-1980s, which lasted for an average of 12 months. We found that the lengthening of cohabitation over time cu...
Source: Demography - March 3, 2019 Category: International Medicine & Public Health Source Type: research
Water, Sanitation, and Child Health: Evidence From Subnational Panel Data in 59 Countries
AbstractWater, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) investments are widely seen as essential for improving health in early childhood. However, the experimental literature on WASH interventions identifies inconsistent impacts on child health outcomes, with relatively robust impacts on diarrhea and other symptoms of infection but weak and varying impacts on child nutrition. In contrast, observational research exploiting cross-sectional variation in water and sanitation access is much more sanguine, finding strong associations with diarrhea prevalence, mortality, and stunting. In practice, both literatures suffer from significant m...
Source: Demography - February 28, 2019 Category: International Medicine & Public Health Source Type: research
