The Impact of Parental Death in Childhood on Sons ’ and Daughters’ Status Attainment in Young Adulthood in the Netherlands, 1850–1952
AbstractPrevious research on the impact of parental loss on labor market outcomes in adulthood has often suffered from low sample sizes. To generate further insights into the long-term consequences of parental death, I use the Historical Sample of the Netherlands (HSN). The HSN contains occupational information on life courses of a sample of more than 8,000 males and almost 7,000 females born between 1850 and 1922, a period of important labor market transformations. Roughly 20 % of the sample population experienced parental death before age 16. Linear regression models show that maternal loss is significantly associated ...
Source: Demography - August 15, 2019 Category: International Medicine & Public Health Source Type: research
Family Systems and Parents ’ Financial Support for Education in Early Adulthood
AbstractYoung adults raised outside of two-parent families receive less financial support from their families for education compared with peers who always lived with both parents. We consider how parents ’ union status over time shapes contributions for young adult children’s education. Our approach emphasizes the dynamic relationship between family structure and family economic resources. Marginal structural models with inverse probability weights estimate the association of parents’ union st atus history with eventual financial transfers while not overcontrolling for the effects of union status operating indirectly...
Source: Demography - August 15, 2019 Category: International Medicine & Public Health Source Type: research
Estimating Children ’s Household Instability Between Birth and Age 18 Using Longitudinal Household Roster Data
AbstractPrevious descriptions of the composition and stability of children ’s households have focused on the presence of parents and the stability of mothers’ marital and cohabiting relationships. We use data available in the 2008 Survey of Income and Program Participation to expand the description of children’s household composition and stability. We find that one i n five children lives with nonnuclear household members. These other household members are a source of substantial household instability. In addition, during the period of observation (2008–2013), children experienced considerable residential instabili...
Source: Demography - August 11, 2019 Category: International Medicine & Public Health Source Type: research
Moving Upstream: The Effect of Tobacco Clean Air Restrictions on Educational Inequalities in Smoking Among Young Adults
AbstractEducation affords a range of direct and indirect benefits that promote longer and healthier lives and stratify health lifestyles. We use tobacco clean air policies to examine whether policies that apply universally —interventions that bypass individuals’ unequal access and ability to employ flexible resources to avoid health hazards—have an effect on educational inequalities in health behaviors. We test theoretically informed but competing hypotheses that these policies either amplify or attenuate the as sociation between education and smoking behavior. Our results provide evidence that interventions that mov...
Source: Demography - August 5, 2019 Category: International Medicine & Public Health Source Type: research
Fraying Families: Demographic Divergence in the Parental Safety
Net
This article examines two cohorts aged 25 –49
from the 1988 (n = 7,246) and 2013 (n = 7,014) Panel Study of Income Dynamics Roster and
Transfers Files. In 1988, adults with a college degree had two surviving parents
living together for 1.8 years longer than nongraduates. This disparity increased to
6.8 years in 2013. This five-year increase in disparity was driven predominantly by
higher rates of union dissolution among parents of adults with less education.
Growing differences in paternal mortality also contributed to the rise in
inequality. (Source: Demography)
Source: Demography - July 31, 2019 Category: International Medicine & Public Health Source Type: research
Multigenerational Effects of Early-Life Health Shocks
AbstractA large literature has documented links between harmful early-life exposures and later-life health and socioeconomic deficits. These studies, however, have typically been unable to examine the possibility that these shocks are transmitted to the next generation. Our study uses representative survey data from the United States to trace the impacts ofin utero exposure to the 1918 influenza pandemic on the outcomes of the children and grandchildren of those affected. We find evidence of multigenerational effects on educational, economic, and health outcomes. (Source: Demography)
Source: Demography - July 28, 2019 Category: International Medicine & Public Health Source Type: research
The Long-Lasting Influenza: The Impact of Fetal Stress During the 1918 Influenza Pandemic on Socioeconomic Attainment and Health in Sweden, 1968 –2012
This study combines several sources of contemporary statistics with full-population individual-level data for Sweden during 1968 –2012 to examine the influence of fetal exposure to the Spanish flu on health, adulthood income, and occupational attainment. For both men and women, fetal exposure resulted in higher morbidity in ages 54–87, as measured by hospitalization. For males, exposure during the second trimester also af fected mortality in cancer and heart disease. Overall, the effects on all-cause mortality were modest, with about three months shorter remaining life expectancy for the cohorts exposed during the seco...
Source: Demography - July 18, 2019 Category: International Medicine & Public Health Source Type: research
Predicting the Effect of Adding a Citizenship Question to the 2020 Census
AbstractThe addition of a citizenship question to the 2020 census could affect the self-response rate, a key driver of the cost and quality of a census. We find that citizenship question response patterns in the American Community Survey (ACS) suggest that it is a sensitive question when asked about administrative record noncitizens but not when asked about administrative record citizens. ACS respondents who were administrative record noncitizens in 2017 frequently choose to skip the question or answer that the person is a citizen. We predict the effect on self-response to the entire survey by comparing mail response rates...
Source: Demography - July 16, 2019 Category: International Medicine & Public Health Source Type: research
Local Social Inequality, Economic Inequality, and Disparities in Child Height in India
This study investigates disparities in child height —an important marker of population-level health—among population groups in rural India. India is an informative context in which to study processes of health disparities because of wide heterogeneity in the degree of local segregation or integration among caste groups. Building on a literature t hat identifies discrimination by quantifying whether differences in socioeconomic status (SES) can account for differences in health, we decompose height differences between rural children from higher castes and rural children from three disadvantaged groups. We find that soci...
Source: Demography - July 14, 2019 Category: International Medicine & Public Health Source Type: research
Rising Household Debt and Children ’s Socioemotional Well-being Trajectories
AbstractDebt is now a substantial aspect of family finances. Yet, research on how household debt is linked with child development has been limited. We use data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 cohort and hierarchical linear models to estimate associations of amounts and types of parental debt (home, education, auto, unsecured/uncollateralized) with child socioemotional well-being. We find that unsecured debt is associated with growth in child behavior problems, whereas this is not the case for other forms of debt. Moreover, the association of unsecured debt with child behavior problems varies by child ag...
Source: Demography - July 9, 2019 Category: International Medicine & Public Health Source Type: research
Mind the “Happiness” Gap: The Relationship Between Cohabitation, Marriage, and Subjective Well-being in the United Kingdom, Australia, Germany, and Norway
In this study, we examine differences in subjective well-being between cohabiting and married men and women in midlife, comparing the United Kingdom, Australia, Germany, and Norway. We apply propensity score –weighted regression analyses to examine selection processes into marriage and differential treatment bias. We find no differences between cohabitation and marriage for men in the United Kingdom and Norway, and women in Germany. However, we do find significant differences for men in Australia and women in Norway. The differences disappear after we control for selection in Australia, but they unexpectedly persist for ...
Source: Demography - July 8, 2019 Category: International Medicine & Public Health Source Type: research
The Impact of Childcare on Poor Urban Women ’s Economic Empowerment in Africa
AbstractDespite evidence from other regions, researchers and policy-makers remain skeptical that women ’s disproportionate childcare responsibilities act as a significant barrier to women’s economic empowerment in Africa. This randomized control trial study in an informal settlement in Nairobi, Kenya, demonstrates that limited access to affordable early childcare inhibits poor urban women’s par ticipation in paid work. Women who were offered vouchers for subsidized early childcare were, on average, 8.5 percentage points more likely to be employed than those who were not given vouchers. Most of these employment gains ...
Source: Demography - July 7, 2019 Category: International Medicine & Public Health Source Type: research
When and Where Birth Spacing Matters for Child Survival: An International Comparison Using the DHS
AbstractA large body of research has found an association between short birth intervals and the risk of infant mortality in developing countries, but recent work on other perinatal outcomes from highly developed countries has called these claims into question, arguing that previous studies have failed to adequately control for unobserved heterogeneity. Our study addresses this issue by estimating within-family models on a sample of 4.5 million births from 77 countries at various levels of development. We show that after unobserved maternal heterogeneity is controlled for, intervals shorter than 36 months substantially incr...
Source: Demography - July 2, 2019 Category: International Medicine & Public Health Source Type: research
A Cohort Perspective on the Demography of Grandparenthood: Past, Present, and Future Changes in Race and Sex Disparities in the United States
AbstractHow has the demography of grandparenthood changed over the last century? How have racial inequalities in grandparenthood changed, and how are they expected to change in the future? Massive improvements in mortality, increasing childlessness, and fertility postponement have profoundly altered the likelihood that people become grandparents as well as the timing and length of grandparenthood for those that do. The demography of grandparenthood is important to understand for those taking a multigenerational perspective of stratification and racial inequality because these processes define the onset and duration of inte...
Source: Demography - July 2, 2019 Category: International Medicine & Public Health Source Type: research
Fraying Families: Demographic Divergence in the Parental Safety Net
This article examines two cohorts aged 25 –49 from the 1988 (n = 7,246) and 2013 (n = 7,014) Panel Study of Income Dynamics Roster and Transfers Files. In 1988, adults with a college degree had two surviving parents living together for 1.8 years longer than nongraduates. This disparity increased to 6.8 years in 2013. This five-year increase in disparity was driven predominantly by higher rates of union dissolution among parents of adults with less education. Growing differences in paternal mortality also contributed to the rise in inequality. (Source: Demography)
Source: Demography - June 30, 2019 Category: International Medicine & Public Health Source Type: research
