Sexual Concurrency and Contraceptive Use Among Young Adult Women
AbstractLeveraging 2.5 years of weekly data from the Relationship Dynamics and Social Life Study, we investigate the relationship between young women ’s sexual concurrency and their contraceptive behavior. Specifically, we (1) examine whether young women changed their contraceptive use when switching from one to multiple concurrent sexual partners in the same week; (2) explore the uniformity of contraceptive responses to concurrency across rela tionship context; and (3) compare the contraceptive behaviors of never-concurrent women with those of ever-concurrent women in weeks when they were not concurrent. Nearly one in f...
Source: Demography - February 21, 2019 Category: International Medicine & Public Health Source Type: research
Misreporting Month of Birth: Diagnosis and Implications for Research on Nutrition and Early Childhood in Developing Countries
AbstractA large literature has used children ’s birthdays to identify exposure to shocks and estimate their impacts on later outcomes. Using height-for-agez scores (HAZ) for more than 990,000 children in 62 countries from 163 Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS), we show how random errors in birth dates create artifacts in HAZ that can be used to diagnose the extent of age misreporting. The most important artifact is an upward gradient in HAZ by recorded month of birth (MOB) from start to end of calendar years, resulting in a large HAZ differential between December- and January-born children of –0.32 HAZ points. We obs...
Source: Demography - January 28, 2019 Category: International Medicine & Public Health Source Type: research
Same-Sex Parents and Children ’s School Progress: An Association That Disappeared Over Time
AbstractResearch is divided as to whether children living in same-sex parent families achieve different outcomes compared with their peers. In this article, we improve on earlier estimates of such differences and subsequently study whether and why the association between parental union sex composition and children ’s school progress changed over time. Data from the American Community Survey waves 2008–2015 (N = 1,952,490 including 7,792 children living with a same-sex couple) indicate that children living with same-sex couples were historically more likely to be behind in school but that this association disappeared ov...
Source: Demography - January 23, 2019 Category: International Medicine & Public Health Source Type: research
A Cohort Comparison of Lifespan After Age 100 in Denmark and Sweden: Are Only the Oldest Getting Older?
AbstractAlthough Denmark and Sweden have close cultural and historical ties, lifespans for Danes have generally been lower than those of Swedes. Recent improvements in Danish mortality after a period of stagnation have led to the suspicion that there may be positive trends at the very high ages at death within that population and that these trends could be quite different from those observed in Sweden. Although the mean ages at death for Danish and Swedish centenarians have been relatively constant at about 102 years for the cohorts born 1870 –1904, the oldest-old in Denmark have been getting older, but no evidence has s...
Source: Demography - January 18, 2019 Category: International Medicine & Public Health Source Type: research
Spatial and Social Distance at the Onset of the Fertility Transition: Sweden, 1880 –1900
AbstractMost studies on the fertility transition have focused either on macro-level trends or on micro-level patterns with limited geographic scope. Much less attention has been given to the interplay between individual characteristics and contextual conditions, including geographic location. Here we investigate the relevance of geography and socioeconomic status for understanding fertility variation in the initial phase of the Swedish fertility transition. We conduct spatially sensitive multilevel analyses on full-count individual-level census data. Our results show that the elite constituted the vanguard group in the fer...
Source: Demography - January 17, 2019 Category: International Medicine & Public Health Source Type: research
Changes in Household Composition and Children ’s Educational Attainment
AbstractChanges in parental romantic relationships are an important component of family instability, but children are exposed to many other changes in the composition of their households that bear on child well-being. Prior research that focused on parental transitions has thus overlooked a substantial source of instability in children ’s lives. I argue that the instability in children’s residential arrangements is characterized byhousehold instability rather thanfamily instability. To evaluate this thesis, I use the 1968 –2015 waves of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics and time-varying methods for causal inference ...
Source: Demography - January 16, 2019 Category: International Medicine & Public Health Source Type: research
Spacing, Stopping, or Postponing? Fertility Desires in a Sub-Saharan Setting
In this study, we use longitudinal survey data to consider whether postponement can be identified in standard measures of fertility desires among reproductive-age women in rural Mozambique. Findings show strong evidence for a postponement mindset in this population, but postponement coexists with stopping and spacing goals. We reflect on the difference between birth spacing and postponement and consider whether and how postponement is a distinctive sub-Saharan phenomenon. (Source: Demography)
Source: Demography - January 16, 2019 Category: International Medicine & Public Health Source Type: research
Early-Life Assets in Oldest-Old Age: Evidence From Primary Care Reform in Early Twentieth Century Sweden
This study applies a difference-in-differences method combined with propensity score matching to register-based individual-level data for Sweden from 1968 to 2012 and to multisource, purposely collected data on the reform implementation. Providing pioneering evidence for such a distal relationship (ages 78 –95), this study finds that treatment through primary care in the year of birth leads to a significant reduction in all-cause mortality (4 % to 6%) and mortality from cardiovascular diseases (5 % to 6 %) and to an increase in average incomes (2 % to 3 %). The effects are universal and somewhat str onger among individua...
Source: Demography - January 16, 2019 Category: International Medicine & Public Health Source Type: research
U.S. Mothers ’ Long-Term Employment Patterns
AbstractPrevious research on maternal employment has disproportionately focused on the immediate postpartum period and typically modeled either cross-sectional employment status or time until a specific employment transition. We instead conceptualize maternal employment as a long-term pattern, extending the observation window and embedding employment statuses in temporal context. Using data from NLSY79 and sequence analysis, we document five common employment patterns of American mothers over the first 18 years of maternity. Three typical patterns revolve around a single employment status: full-time (36 %), part-time (13...
Source: Demography - January 14, 2019 Category: International Medicine & Public Health Source Type: research
Repartnering Following Gray Divorce: The Roles of Resources and Constraints for Women and Men
AbstractThe doubling of thegray divorce rate (i.e., divorce at age 50 or older) over the past few decades portends growth in later-life repartnering, yet little is known about the mechanisms undergirding decisions to repartner after gray divorce. Using data from the 1998 –2014 Health and Retirement Study, we examined women’s and men’s likelihoods of forming a remarriage or cohabiting union following gray divorce by estimating competing risk multinomial logistic regression models using discrete-time event history data. About 22 % of women and 37 % of men repart nered within 10 years after gray divorce. Repartnering mo...
Source: Demography - January 10, 2019 Category: International Medicine & Public Health Source Type: research
New Evidence of Skin Color Bias and Health Outcomes Using Sibling Difference Models: A Research Note
AbstractIn this research note, we use data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health) to determine whether darker skin tone predicts hypertension among siblings using a family fixed-effects analytic strategy. We find that even after we account for common family background and home environment, body mass index, age, sex, and outdoor activity, darker skin color significantly predicts hypertension incidence among siblings. In a supplementary analysis using newly released genetic data from Add Health, we find no evidence that our results are biased by genetic pleiotropy, whereby differences...
Source: Demography - January 9, 2019 Category: International Medicine & Public Health Source Type: research
Job Quality and the Educational Gradient in Entry Into Marriage and Cohabitation
AbstractMen ’s and women’s economic resources are important determinants of marriage timing. Prior demographic and sociological literature has often measured resources in narrow terms, considering employment and earnings and not more fine-grained measures of job quality. Yet, scholarship on work and inequal ity focuses squarely on declining job quality and rising precarity in employment and suggests that this transformation may matter for the life course. Addressing the disconnect between these two important areas of research, this study analyzes data on the 1980–1984 U.S. birth cohort from the Natio nal Longitudinal...
Source: Demography - January 7, 2019 Category: International Medicine & Public Health Source Type: research
Influences of Material Aspirations on Migration
AbstractIn this article, we investigate the influences of material aspirations on migration in Nepal, positing that material aspirations may have important influences on decisions to migrate and where to locate. We discuss a theoretical model explaining how these aspirations might be key influences in the migration decision. Using detailed continuous migration histories from the 2008 –2012 Chitwan Valley Family Study, we estimate logistic and alternative-specific conditional logit models to examine how material aspirations in Nepal influence migration rates and destinations. Our empirical analyses provide strong evidence...
Source: Demography - January 4, 2019 Category: International Medicine & Public Health Source Type: research
Educational Disparities in Adult Mortality Across U.S. States: How Do They Differ, and Have They Changed Since the Mid-1980s?
This study takes an important step toward explaining educational disparities in U.S. adult mortality and their growth since the mid-1980s by examining them across U.S. states. We analyzed data on adults aged 45 –89 in the 1985–2011 National Health Interview Survey Linked Mortality File (721,448 adults; 225,592 deaths). We compared educational disparities in mortality in the early twenty-first century (1999–2011) with those of the late twentieth century (1985–1998) for 36 large-sample states, accoun ting for demographic covariates and birth state. We found that disparities vary considerably by state: in the early tw...
Source: Demography - January 3, 2019 Category: International Medicine & Public Health Source Type: research
The Timing of Teenage Births: Estimating the Effect on High School Graduation and Later-Life Outcomes
AbstractWe examine the long-term outcomes for a population of teenage mothers who give birth to their children around the end of high school. We compare the mothers whose high school education was interrupted by childbirth (because the child was born before her expected graduation date) with mothers who did not experience the same disruption to their education. We find that mothers who gave birth during the school year are 5.4 percentage points less likely to complete their high school education, are less likely to be married, and have more children than their counterparts who gave birth just a few months later. The wages ...
Source: Demography - January 3, 2019 Category: International Medicine & Public Health Source Type: research
