Chimpanzees routinely fish for algae with tools during the dry season in Bakoun, Guinea
Wild chimpanzees regularly use tools, made from sticks, leaves, or stone, to find flexible solutions to the ecological challenges of their environment. Nevertheless, some studies suggest strong limitations in the tool‐using capabilities of chimpanzees. In this context, we present the discovery of a newly observed tool‐use behavior in a population of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) living in the Bakoun Classified Forest, Guinea, where a temporary research site was established for 15 months. Bakoun chimpanzees of every age‐sex class were observed to fish for freshwater green algae, Spirogrya sp., from rivers, strea...
Source: American Journal of Primatology - November 2, 2016 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Christophe Boesch, Ammie K. Kalan, Anthony Agbor, Mimi Arandjelovic, Paula Dieguez, Vincent Lapeyre, Hjalmar S. K ühl Tags: Research Article Source Type: research
Contrasting time ‐based and weight‐based estimates of protein and energy intake of black howler monkeys (Alouatta pigra)
Two methods are commonly used to describe the feeding behavior of wild primates, one based on the proportion of time animals spent feeding on specific plant parts (“time‐based” estimates) and one based on estimates of the actual amounts of different plant materials ingested (‘“weight‐based” estimates). However, studies based on feeding time may not be accurate for making quantitative assessments of animals’ nutrient and energy intake. We analyzed the diet of two groups of Alouatta pigra living in forest fragments using two different methods (time‐ and dry weight‐based estimates), to explore how these al...
Source: American Journal of Primatology - October 31, 2016 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: John F. Aristizabal, Jessica M. Rothman, Luis M. Garc ía‐Fería, Juan Carlos Serio‐Silva Tags: Research Article Source Type: research
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(Source: American Journal of Primatology)
Source: American Journal of Primatology - October 30, 2016 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Tags: Issue Information Source Type: research
Sex and seasonal differences in diet and nutrient intake in Verreaux's sifakas (Propithecus verreauxi)
We examined how females adjust their diet to different reproductive stages. Seasonality affected the diet of both sexes; particularly in the dry season (Apr–Oct) with low availability of food items, especially fruits, males and females had a reduced nutrient and energy intake compared to the wet season (Nov–Mar) with higher food and fruit availability. The comparison of the diet between sexes in different reproductive stages showed that during the late stage of lactation (Nov–Jan) females had higher food intake, and as a result they had a higher intake of macronutrients (crude protein, fat and non‐structured carboh...
Source: American Journal of Primatology - October 26, 2016 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Fl ávia Koch, Joerg U. Ganzhorn, Jessica M. Rothman, Colin A. Chapman, Claudia Fichtel Tags: Research Article Source Type: research
Leaf swallowing and parasite expulsion in Khao Yai white ‐handed gibbons (Hylobates lar), the first report in an Asian ape species
We present the first evidence of leaf swallowing (Gironniera nervosa Planch CANNABACEA) behavior (N = 5 cases) and parasite (Streptopharagus pigmentatus) expulsion (N = 4 cases), recorded during 4,300 hr of direct animal observations during two distinct research projects. We recovered 4–18 rough, hairy, and hispid surfaced leaves from each sample, undigested and folded, from the freshly evacuated feces of five different individuals (2 males, 3 females, 5 to 34+ years old) living in three different social groups, between the hours of 06:00 to 10:30. Based on close inspection of the leaves, as observed in chimpan...
Source: American Journal of Primatology - October 25, 2016 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Claudia Barelli, Michael A. Huffman Tags: Research Article Source Type: research
Patterns of milk macronutrients and bioactive molecules across lactation in a western lowland gorilla (Gorilla gorilla) and a Sumatran orangutan (Pongo abelii)
In addition to nutrients, milk contains signaling molecules that influence offspring development. Human milk is similar in nutrient composition to that of apes, but appears to differ in other aspects such as immune function. We examine the longitudinal patterns across lactation of macronutrients, the metabolic hormone adiponectin, the growth factors epidermal growth factor (EGF) and transforming growth factor β2 (TGF‐β2), and two receptors for these growth factors (EGF‐R and TGF‐β2‐RIII) in milk samples collected between days 175 and 313 postpartum from a Sumatran orangutan (Pongo abelii) and between days 3 and ...
Source: American Journal of Primatology - October 22, 2016 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Michael L. Power, Jay Schulkin, Heather Drought, Lauren A. Milligan, Katie L. Murtough, Robin M. Bernstein Tags: Research Article Source Type: research
Effects of pair bonding on dopamine D1 receptors in monogamous male titi monkeys (Callicebus cupreus)
This study is the first research to demonstrate neuroplasticity of the dopamine system following pair bonding in a non‐human primate; however, substantial variability in the response to pairing suggests the utility of further research on the topic. (Source: American Journal of Primatology)
Source: American Journal of Primatology - October 19, 2016 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Caroline M. Hostetler, Katherine Hinde, Nicole Maninger, Sally P. Mendoza, William A. Mason, Douglas J. Rowland, Guobao B. Wang, David Kukis, Simon R. Cherry, Karen L. Bales Tags: Research Article Source Type: research
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(Source: American Journal of Primatology)
Source: American Journal of Primatology - October 16, 2016 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Tags: Issue Information Source Type: research
Prevalence of an unusual hypoplastic defect of the permanent maxillary lateral incisor in great apes
In this article, I describe a previously unreported maxillary lateral incisor defect (MLID) of the enamel in great apes and evaluate potential general causes (genetic, systemic stress, or localized disturbance), as well as examine differences in prevalence among the represented taxa. This defect occurred only on the labial surface of the maxillary lateral incisor and extended from the cervical‐mesial quarter of the crown to the mesial edge of the cementoenamel junction (CEJ). The study sample consisted of 136 great ape specimens, including 41 gorillas, 25 chimpanzees, and 70 orangutans from the Smithsonian's National Mus...
Source: American Journal of Primatology - September 19, 2016 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Darcy L. Hannibal Tags: Research Article Source Type: research
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(Source: American Journal of Primatology)
Source: American Journal of Primatology - September 18, 2016 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Tags: Issue Information Source Type: research
How many remnant gibbon populations are left on Hainan? Testing the use of local ecological knowledge to detect cryptic threatened primates
For Critically Endangered “species of extreme rarity,” there is an urgent need to clarify the potential survival of remnant populations. Such populations can be difficult to detect using standard field methods. Local ecological knowledge (LEK) represents an important alternative source of information, but anecdotal reports of rare or possibly extinct species can contain uncertainty and error. The Hainan gibbon (Nomascus hainanus), the world's rarest primate species, is confirmed to only survive as a tiny remnant population in Bawangling National Nature Reserve, China, but unverified gibbon sightings have been reported ...
Source: American Journal of Primatology - September 18, 2016 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Samuel T. Turvey, Jessica V. Bryant, Clare Duncan, Michelle H.G. Wong, Zhenhua Guan, Hanlan Fei, Changyong Ma, Xiaojiang Hong, Helen C. Nash, Bosco P.L. Chan, Yang Xu, Pengfei Fan Tags: Research Article Source Type: research
A longitudinal study of hair cortisol concentrations in Macaca nemestrina mothers and infants
Cortisol is a well‐known glucocorticoid that can be used as a biomarker of hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenocortical activity. To explore basal cortisol physiology during pregnancy and infancy in Macaca nemestrina monkeys, hair was collected from a convenience sample of 22 healthy mother–infant dyads. Adult females were housed in pairs as part of a small breeding colony at the Washington National Primate Research Center and infants were reared in a specialized nursery. Maternal samples were collected from females during a pregnancy‐detection ultrasound and immediately following labor and delivery. Infant samples were...
Source: American Journal of Primatology - September 18, 2016 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Kimberly S. Grant, Julie M. Worlein, Jerrold S. Meyer, Melinda A. Novak, Rose Kroeker, Kendra Rosenberg, Caroline Kenney, Thomas M. Burbacher Tags: Research Article Source Type: research
Predictive distribution modeling and population status of the endangered Macaca munzala in Arunachal Pradesh, India
This study showed the potential distribution of M. munzala based on environmental variables and the present population status in Tawang and West Kameng districts of Arunachal Pradesh, India. (Source: American Journal of Primatology)
Source: American Journal of Primatology - September 18, 2016 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Bidyut Sarania, Ashalata Devi, Awadhesh Kumar, Kuladip Sarma, Atul Kumar Gupta Tags: Research Article Source Type: research
Prenatal androgen exposure and parental care interact to influence timing of reproductive maturation in marmosets
We examined associations between prenatal steroid exposure and the post‐natal family environment on the variability in reproductive maturation timing in young marmosets (Callithrix geoffroyi). Urine samples from pregnant females were analyzed for cortisol (CORT) and androgens (uA). Post‐natal uA was measured in males to determine age (in days) of adult‐like levels of androgens associated with spermatogenesis; post‐natal pregnanediol glucuronide (PdG) was measured in females to determine age (in days) of first ovulation. Maternal, paternal, alloparental, and total care (carrying, grooming, and rejection/removals) of...
Source: American Journal of Primatology - September 18, 2016 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Michelle C. Huffman, Jonathan B. Santo, Jeffrey A. French Tags: Research Article Source Type: research
Mitochondrial DNA and two Y ‐chromosome genes of common long‐tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis fascicularis) throughout Thailand and vicinity
Macaca fascicularis fascicularis is distributed over a wide area of Southeast Asia. Thailand is located at the center of their distribution range and is the bridge connecting the two biogeographic regions of Indochina and Sunda. However, only a few genetic studies have explored the macaques in this region. To shed some light on the evolutionary history of M. f. fascicularis, including hybridization with M. mulatta, M. f. fascicularis and M. mulatta samples of known origins throughout Thailand and the vicinity were analyzed by molecular phylogenetics using mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), including the hypervariable region 1, and...
Source: American Journal of Primatology - September 18, 2016 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Srichan Bunlungsup, Hiroo Imai, Yuzuru Hamada, Kazunari Matsudaira, Suchinda Malaivijitnond Tags: Research Article Source Type: research
