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Radiation-induced degradation of stainless steel light water reactor internals
Publication date: July–August 2012 Source:Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports, Volume 73, Issues 7–8 Author(s): Edward A. Kenik , Jeremy T. Busby In order to provide a scientific basis for proposed life extension of current light water reactors, the radiation-induced degradation of stainless steel reactor internals will be discussed. A brief review of the basic radiation damage effects in stainless steels at LWR relevant conditions will be presented. It will be discussed how these basic effects result in the key degradation modes that have been identified by light water reactor experience to date, as we...
Source: Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports - October 12, 2014 Category: Materials Science Source Type: research

Thermomigration in solder joints
Publication date: September–October 2012 Source:Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports, Volume 73, Issues 9–10 Author(s): Chih Chen , Hsiang-Yao Hsiao , Yuan-Wei Chang , Fanyi Ouyang , K.N. Tu In 3D IC technology, the vertical interconnection consists of through-Si-vias (TSV) and micro solder bumps. The size of the micro-bump is approaching 10μm, which is the diameter of TSV. Since joule heating is expected to be the most serious issue in 3D IC, heat flux must be conducted away by temperature gradient. If there is a temperature difference of 1°C across a micro-bump, the temperature gradient will be 10...
Source: Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports - October 12, 2014 Category: Materials Science Source Type: research

Secondary ion mass spectrometry of dopant and impurity elements in wide bandgap semiconductors
Publication date: November–December 2012 Source:Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports, Volume 73, Issues 11–12 Author(s): R.G. Wilson , J.M. Zavada Based on secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) measurements, we have compiled state-of-the-art data concerning dopant elements and natural impurities in the wide bandgap semiconductor materials diamond, SiC, ZnSe, GaN and AlN. Samples were prepared by ion implantation of different elements into these materials and post-implantation thermal annealing. SIMS depth profiling techniques were used to determine atomic depth profiles of implanted elements and subsequ...
Source: Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports - October 12, 2014 Category: Materials Science Source Type: research

Impurity engineering of Czochralski silicon
This article is to present an overview of the current status of impurity engineering in CZ silicon, based on the co-doping technologies of N, Ge and C. The fundamental properties of these three co-dopants and their interaction with point defects in CZ silicon are firstly introduced. The bulk of the article is focused on the effects of co-dopants on the formation of oxygen precipitates related to internal gettering (IG) of devices for metal contaminants, and voids associated with the gate oxide integrity (GOI) of devices in CZ silicon. Finally, the improvement of CZ silicon mechanical strength by co-doping technology is des...
Source: Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports - October 12, 2014 Category: Materials Science Source Type: research

Nanoparticles for improving cancer diagnosis
This article aims to review the progress in this exciting area with emphases on the preparation and engineering techniques that have been developed to assemble “smart” nanoprobes. (Source: Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports)
Source: Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports - October 12, 2014 Category: Materials Science Source Type: research

Shear bands in metallic glasses
This article attempts to provide a comprehensive and up-to-date review on the rapid progress achieved very recently on this subject. We describe the shear bands from the inside out, and treat key materials-science issues of general interest, including the initiation of shear localization starting from shear transformations, the temperature and velocity reached in the propagating or sliding band, the structural evolution inside the shear-band material, and the parameters that strongly influence shear-banding. Several new discoveries and concepts, such as stick-slip cold shear-banding and strength/plasticity enhancement at s...
Source: Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports - October 12, 2014 Category: Materials Science Source Type: research

Novel magnetic nanomaterials inspired by magnetotactic bacteria: Topical review
Publication date: May 2013 Source:Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports, Volume 74, Issue 5 Author(s): Tanya Prozorov , Dennis A. Bazylinski , Surya K. Mallapragada , Ruslan Prozorov Magnetotactic bacteria, known to produce magnetic nanocrystals with uniform shapes and sizes at physiological conditions, serve as an inspiration and source of a number of biological macromolecules used for the biomimetic synthesis of a variety of magnetic nanomaterials. This review discusses the current state of understanding of magnetosome biomineralization in magnetotactic bacteria, as well as the ways in which iron biominer...
Source: Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports - October 12, 2014 Category: Materials Science Source Type: research

Surface-induced structural transformation in nanowires
Publication date: June 2013 Source:Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports, Volume 74, Issue 6 Author(s): Fei Ma , Ke-Wei Xu , Paul K. Chu One of the unique features of nanomaterials is that they have large surface-to-volume atom ratios compared to bulk materials. The intrinsic compressive stress along the nanowire axis can be as large as tens of GPa, and spontaneous reorientation or phase transformation may occur in order for the nanowires to return to the low-energy state. Upon tensile loading, the nanowires can revert back to the original high-energy orientation or phase without introducing any defects. Two...
Source: Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports - October 12, 2014 Category: Materials Science Source Type: research

Polymer/carbon based composites as electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding materials
Publication date: July 2013 Source:Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports, Volume 74, Issue 7 Author(s): Jean-Michel Thomassin , Christine Jérôme , Thomas Pardoen , Christian Bailly , Isabelle Huynen , Christophe Detrembleur The extensive development of electronic systems and telecommunications has lead to major concerns regarding electromagnetic pollution. Motivated by environmental questions and by a wide variety of applications, the quest for materials with high efficiency to mitigate electromagnetic interferences (EMI) pollution has become a mainstream field of research. This paper reviews the state-...
Source: Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports - October 12, 2014 Category: Materials Science Source Type: research

Impression test—A review
Publication date: August 2013 Source:Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports, Volume 74, Issue 8 Author(s): Fuqian Yang , James C.M. Li Indentation test using a cylindrical indenter with a flat end is now known as impression test. The advantage is its capability to reach a steady state for creep test at constant load and it is possible to compare with the conventional tensile or compression tests. The test is simple and all the temperature and strain rate dependences can be obtained locally from one sample avoiding the sample to sample variations. It became very popular in the last decade. The literature is rev...
Source: Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports - October 12, 2014 Category: Materials Science Source Type: research

Classical atomistic simulations of surfaces and heterogeneous interfaces with the charge-optimized many body (COMB) potentials
Publication date: September 2013 Source:Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports, Volume 74, Issue 9 Author(s): Tao Liang , Tzu-Ray Shan , Yu-Ting Cheng , Bryce D. Devine , Mark Noordhoek , Yangzhong Li , Zhize Lu , Simon R. Phillpot , Susan B. Sinnott Interest in atomic scale computational simulations of multi-phase systems has grown as our ability to simulate nanometer-sized systems has become commonplace. The recently developed charge optimized many body potential (COMB) potentials have significantly enhanced the atomic-scale simulation of heterogeneous material systems, including chemical reactions at...
Source: Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports - October 12, 2014 Category: Materials Science Source Type: research

Recent progress in the development and properties of novel metal matrix nanocomposites reinforced with carbon nanotubes and graphene nanosheets
Publication date: October 2013 Source:Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports, Volume 74, Issue 10 Author(s): Sie Chin Tjong One-dimensional carbon nanotubes and two-dimensional graphene nanosheets with unique electrical, mechanical and thermal properties are attractive reinforcements for fabricating light weight, high strength and high performance metal-matrix composites. Rapid advances of nanotechnology in recent years enable the development of advanced metal matrix nanocomposites for structural engineering and functional device applications. This review focuses on the recent development in the synthesis, prop...
Source: Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports - October 12, 2014 Category: Materials Science Source Type: research

Plasmons in graphene: Recent progress and applications
Publication date: November 2013 Source:Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports, Volume 74, Issue 11 Author(s): Xiaoguang Luo , Teng Qiu , Weibing Lu , Zhenhua Ni Owing to its excellent electrical, mechanical, thermal and optical properties, graphene has attracted great interests since it was successfully exfoliated in 2004. Its two dimensional nature and superior properties meet the need of surface plasmons and greatly enrich the field of plasmonics. Recent progress and applications of graphene plasmonics will be reviewed, including the theoretical mechanisms, experimental observations, and meaningful applica...
Source: Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports - October 12, 2014 Category: Materials Science Source Type: research

A review of growth mechanism, structure and crystallinity of anodized TiO2 nanotubes
Publication date: December 2013 Source:Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports, Volume 74, Issue 12 Author(s): D. Regonini , C.R. Bowen , A. Jaroenworaluck , R. Stevens This paper reviews the state of the art of anodized titanium dioxide nanotubes (TiO2 NTs), with an emphasis on the growth mechanism leading to their formation and the effect of heat treatment on their structure and properties. The discussion is primarily focused on TiO2 NTs grown in fluoride containing electrolytes, although the mechanism of formation of NTs in fluoride free solutions via Rapid Breakdown Anodization (RBA) is briefly covered. A...
Source: Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports - October 12, 2014 Category: Materials Science Source Type: research

Recent developments in brittle and quasi-brittle failure assessment of engineering materials by means of local approaches
Publication date: January 2014 Source:Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports, Volume 75 Author(s): F. Berto , P. Lazzarin Brittle failure of components weakened by cracks or sharp and blunt V-notches is a topic of active and continuous research. It is attractive for all researchers who face the problem of fracture of materials under different loading conditions and deals with a large number of applications in different engineering fields, not only with the mechanical one. This topic is significant in all the cases where intrinsic defects of the material or geometrical discontinuities give rise to localized str...
Source: Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports - October 12, 2014 Category: Materials Science Source Type: research