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An Opinion on non-human primates testing in Europe
Publication date: Spring 2017Source: Drug Discovery Today: Disease Models, Volume 23Author(s): Michelle M. Epstein, Theo VermeireThe Scientific Committee on Health, Environmental and Emerging Risks (SCHEER) responded to a mandate from the European Commission on ‘The need for non-human primates in biomedical research, production and testing of products and devices’. An overview of this Opinion is presented. The Opinion focuses on the approaches aimed at the replacement, reduction and refinement (3Rs) of the use of non-human primates in scientific experimentation in the areas of 1) development and safety testing of pharm...
Source: Drug Discovery Today: Disease Models - July 10, 2018 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Source Type: research

Non-human primate models for disease and human biology: The impact of the Major Histocompatibility Complex
Publication date: Spring 2017Source: Drug Discovery Today: Disease Models, Volume 23Author(s): Gaby G.M. Doxiadis, Ronald E. BontropMHC class I and II molecules play an important role in the adaptive immune response. The genes encoding the MHC molecules are highly polymorphic, thus enabling each molecule to bind a unique repertoire of peptides, which are then presented to T cells, and may induce an immune reaction. MHC class I and II alleles of non-human primates (NHP) have been shown to influence the susceptibility or resistance to various diseases: for example, autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis and multiple s...
Source: Drug Discovery Today: Disease Models - July 10, 2018 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Source Type: research

Measles: What we have learned from non-human primate models
Publication date: Spring 2017Source: Drug Discovery Today: Disease Models, Volume 23Author(s): Rik L. de SwartStudies in non-human primates (NHPs) have been crucial for our understanding of measles as a high impact viral disease of humans. Over a century ago, inoculations of NHPs with filtered secretions from measles patients first identified a virus as the causative agent of this disease. In the 1960s, studies in NHPs with measles virus isolates passaged in vitro provided the basis for live-attenuated measles virus vaccines, which became one of the most successful medical interventions in history. More recently, experimen...
Source: Drug Discovery Today: Disease Models - July 10, 2018 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Source Type: research

Applying the 3Rs to non-human primate research: Barriers and solutions
Publication date: Spring 2017Source: Drug Discovery Today: Disease Models, Volume 23Author(s): Mark J. Prescott, Jan A. Langermans, Ian RaganProgress is being made in the development and application of methods to replace, reduce and refine the use of non-human primates (NHPs) in biomedical research and testing of products and devices. However, there remain considerable cultural and practical barriers to widespread uptake of available 3Rs techniques and to further advancement of the 3Rs in NHP research, over and above scientific obstacles. While most of these barriers apply also to the use of other vertebrate species, there...
Source: Drug Discovery Today: Disease Models - July 10, 2018 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Source Type: research

Pancreatic islet xenotransplantation
Publication date: Spring 2017Source: Drug Discovery Today: Disease Models, Volume 23Author(s): Melanie L. Graham, Henk-Jan SchuurmanThis review presents an overview on the present status of xenogeneic islet cell transplantation. In four sections we present (1) a short introduction on clinical islet transplantation using islets from deceased humans, ending with the rationale for xenogeneic islet transplantation; (2) porcine islet survival and function in diabetic nonhuman primates; (3) features in this animal model that are relevant for clinical development; and (4) limitations and translational value of the model in nonhum...
Source: Drug Discovery Today: Disease Models - July 10, 2018 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Source Type: research

Editorial to “Use of non-human primate disease models”
Publication date: Spring 2017Source: Drug Discovery Today: Disease Models, Volume 23Author(s): Theo Vermeire, Romina Aron Badin, Jan Langermans, Mark J. Prescott (Source: Drug Discovery Today: Disease Models)
Source: Drug Discovery Today: Disease Models - July 10, 2018 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Source Type: research

Non-human primates are essential models in the translational research of multiple sclerosis
Publication date: Spring 2017Source: Drug Discovery Today: Disease Models, Volume 23Author(s): Bert A. ‘t Hart, Che Serguera, Yolanda S. Kap, Bruno GranAgeing Western societies are facing an increasing prevalence of chronic inflammatory and degenerative diseases for which no effective treatments exist. The pressure on the drug development industry to develop such treatments creates a need for translationally relevant animal models, which faithfully replicate essential pathogenic mechanisms of the human disease. In this Short Review, we discuss the essential role of the non-human primate (NHP) in the translational researc...
Source: Drug Discovery Today: Disease Models - July 10, 2018 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Source Type: research

Overview of 3Rs opportunities in drug discovery and development using non-human primates
Publication date: Spring 2017Source: Drug Discovery Today: Disease Models, Volume 23Author(s): Helen Prior, Fiona Sewell, Jane StewartNon-human primates (NHPs) are included within safety testing programmes for potential new medicines when justified as the relevant species for use. Although the NHP is often the only relevant species for the testing of large molecule biotherapeutics, a proportion of small molecule compounds may also require testing in NHPs, when other non-rodent species are unsuitable. Whilst the toxicology studies continue to be required for regulatory submissions, there are opportunities to both reduce the...
Source: Drug Discovery Today: Disease Models - July 10, 2018 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Source Type: research

Non-human primate models and in vitro liver stage cultures as alternatives in malaria drug development
Publication date: Spring 2017Source: Drug Discovery Today: Disease Models, Volume 23Author(s): Anne-Marie Zeeman, Clemens H.M. KockenNon-human primates (NHP) have been used extensively in the identification of new antimalarial compounds. Especially the Plasmodium cynomolgi/rhesus monkey model was a very popular substitute to evaluate compounds for P. vivax liver- and blood stages. Nowadays we have replaced, as much as possible, the NHP in vivo testing with in vitro assays. In this review, an overview is given on malaria drug testing in NHP, the development of the in vitro models and especially the in vitro hypnozoite assay...
Source: Drug Discovery Today: Disease Models - July 10, 2018 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Source Type: research

In vitro and in vivo models for assessing the host response to biomaterials
Publication date: Available online 18 May 2018Source: Drug Discovery Today: Disease ModelsAuthor(s): Leila S. Saleh, Stephanie J. BryantThe foreign body response (FBR) occurs ubiquitously to essentially all non-biological materials that are implanted into higher organisms. The FBR is characterized by inflammation followed by fibrosis and is mediated largely by macrophages. While many current medical devices tolerate the FBR, the FBR is responsible for many asceptic device failures and is hindering advancements of new devices that rely on device-host communication to function. To this end, in vitro and in vivo models are cr...
Source: Drug Discovery Today: Disease Models - July 10, 2018 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Source Type: research

Animal models for heart valve research and development
Publication date: Available online 28 May 2018Source: Drug Discovery Today: Disease ModelsAuthor(s): Arash Kheradvar, Ramin Zareian, Shimako Kawauchi, Richard L. Goodwin, Sandra RugonyiValvular heart disease is the third-most common cause of heart problems in the United States. Malfunction of the valves can be acquired or congenital and each may lead either to stenosis or regurgitation, or even both in some cases. Heart valve disease is a progressive disease, which is irreversible and may be fatal if left untreated. Medications cannot currently prevent valvular calcification or help repair damaged valves, as valve tissue i...
Source: Drug Discovery Today: Disease Models - July 10, 2018 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Source Type: research

Animal models of cardiovascular disease as test beds of bioengineered vascular grafts
Publication date: Available online 18 June 2018Source: Drug Discovery Today: Disease ModelsAuthor(s): Sindhu Row, Daniel D. Swartz, Stelios T. AndreadisThe last two decades have seen many advances in regenerative medicine, including the development of tissue engineered vessels (TEVs) for replacement of damaged or diseased arteries or veins. Biomaterials from natural sources, as well as synthetic polymeric materials have been employed in engineering vascular grafts. Recently, cell-free grafts have become available, opening new possibilities for the next generation, off-the-shelf products. These TEVs are first tested in smal...
Source: Drug Discovery Today: Disease Models - July 10, 2018 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Source Type: research

Animal models of vascular stenting
Publication date: Available online 20 June 2018Source: Drug Discovery Today: Disease ModelsAuthor(s): Laura E. Leigh PerkinsThroughout the 30-year history of vascular stents, from their initial conception to current drug-eluting and bioresorbable technologies, animal models have played an instrumental role in the development of vascular stents. From rodents to rabbits, dogs, sheep, and swine, a variety of animal models for the evaluation of vascular stents exist, each being balanced with a unique set of advantages and shortcomings. With the appropriate selection of species and anatomy, animal models can be used to provide ...
Source: Drug Discovery Today: Disease Models - July 10, 2018 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Source Type: research

Computational models of blood disorders
Publication date: Available online 20 February 2016Source: Drug Discovery Today: Disease ModelsAuthor(s): George Em Karniadakis (Source: Drug Discovery Today: Disease Models)
Source: Drug Discovery Today: Disease Models - July 5, 2018 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Source Type: research

Modeling approaches for hepatic spatial heterogeneity in pharmacokinetic simulations
Publication date: Winter 2016Source: Drug Discovery Today: Disease Models, Volume 22Author(s): Lars Ole Schwen, Lars Kuepfer, Tobias PreusserThe metabolization and excretion of drugs in the liver are spatially heterogeneous processes. This is due to the spatial variability of physiological processes at different length scales of biological organization in healthy individuals, while many liver diseases further contribute to the heterogeneity. Classical, well-stirred pharmacokinetic models do not represent this heterogeneity, and various modeling approaches capable of representing heterogeneity have been developed recently. ...
Source: Drug Discovery Today: Disease Models - July 5, 2018 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Source Type: research