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A preliminary trial of the sedation induced by intranasal administration of midazolam alone or in combination with dexmedetomidine and reversal by atipamezole for a short‐term immobilization in pigeons
Conclusions and clinical relevanceMID alone, given INS had minimal side effects on vital functions but caused inadequate immobilization of pigeons for restraint in dorsal recumbency. MID‐DXM caused an effective degree of immobilization from 20 to 30 minutes after administration, at which time birds tolerated postural changes without resistance. Atipamezole antagonized both side effects and sedation, but complete recovery had not occurred within 10 minutes after its application. (Source: Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia)
Source: Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia - July 1, 2014 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Slavomir Hornak, Tomas Liptak, Valent Ledecky, Rudolf Hromada, Jan Bilek, David Mazensky, Vladimir Petrovic Tags: Short Communication Source Type: research

Agreement of high definition oscillometry with direct arterial blood pressure measurement at different blood pressure ranges in horses under general anaesthesia
Conclusion and clinical relevanceGood agreement with invasive arterial blood pressures was obtained with HDO at normotensive levels in horses. At high and low pressure ranges HDO was unreliable. Therefore, if haemodynamic instability is expected, invasive measurement remains preferable. (Source: Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia)
Source: Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia - July 1, 2014 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Julia Tünsmeyer, Klaus Hopster, Karsten Feige, Sabine BR Kästner Tags: Research Paper Source Type: research

Antinociceptive effects of epidural magnesium sulphate alone and in combination with morphine in dogs
Conclusion and clinical relevanceEpidural MgSO4 produced an antinociceptive effect characterised by an increase in the mechanical thresholds of similar magnitude to that produced by epidural morphine, compared with the control group, without causing any motor deficits. No potentiation of morphine antinociception was observed. The onset and offset times of antinociception could not be clearly established. To what extent these results can be extrapolated to clinical cases requires further investigation. (Source: Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia)
Source: Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia - July 1, 2014 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Anne Bahrenberg, Brighton T Dzikiti, Geoffrey T Fosgate, Frik G Stegmann, Sabine P Tacke, Eva Rioja Tags: Research Paper Source Type: research

Postoperative analgesic effects of either a constant rate infusion of fentanyl, lidocaine, ketamine, dexmedetomidine, or the combination lidocaine‐ketamine‐dexmedetomidine after ovariohysterectomy in dogs
Conclusions and clinical relevanceLKD and FENT resulted in adequate postoperative analgesia. LIDO, CONTROL/BUT, KET and DEX may not be effective for treatment of postoperative pain in dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy. (Source: Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia)
Source: Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia - July 1, 2014 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Eduardo Gutierrez‐Blanco, José M Victoria‐Mora, José A Ibancovichi‐Camarillo, Carlos H Sauri‐Arceo, Manuel E Bolio‐González, Carlos M Acevedo‐Arcique, Gabriela Marin‐Cano, Paulo VM Steagall Tags: Research Paper Source Type: research

The use of a nerve stimulator for intraoperative stimulation of individual nerves of the brachial plexus
(Source: Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia)
Source: Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia - July 1, 2014 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Sanne M Melis, Adriaan M Kitshoff, Ingeborgh Polis Tags: Letter to the Editor Source Type: research

Association of Veterinary Anaesthetists – the beginnings
(Source: Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia)
Source: Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia - July 1, 2014 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Ronald S Jones Tags: Editorial Source Type: research

Comparison of respiratory function during TIVA and isoflurane anaesthesia in ponies Part II: breathing patterns and transdiaphragmatic pressure
Conclusion and clinical relevanceMarked differences in breathing pattern and transdiaphragmatic pressure exist during inhalation‐ and TIVA and these should be taken into account for clinical estimation of anaesthetic depth. (Source: Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia)
Source: Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia - July 1, 2014 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Lidia Kowalczyk, Barbara Steblaj, Stijn Schauvliege, Johannes Peter Schramel, Kiriaki Pavlidou, Ioannis Savvas, Luc Duchateau, Frank Gasthuys, Yves Moens Tags: Research Paper Source Type: research

A comparison of low dose tiletamine‐zolazepam or acepromazine combined with methadone for pre‐anaesthetic medication in cats
Conclusion and clinical relevanceLow dose tiletamine‐zolazepam combined with methadone provided superior sedation to ACE. Recovery quality was similar, although time to standing was longer. (Source: Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia)
Source: Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia - July 1, 2014 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Alastair Mair, Heide Kloeppel, Kim Ticehurst Tags: Short Communication Source Type: research

Comparison of intranasal and intramuscular ketamine‐midazolam combination in cats
ConclusionsThe results substantiated that INS ketamine‐midazolam can produce effective sedation in cats. Clinical relevanceIntranasal (INS) administration of ketamine‐midazolam is atraumatic, and its use may avoid the pain of injection of ketamine combinations when this drug is used to induce sedation in cats. (Source: Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia)
Source: Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia - July 1, 2014 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Mehdi Marjani, Vahid Akbarinejad, Mohsen Bagheri Tags: Short Communication Source Type: research

Clinical comparison of two regimens of lidocaine infusion in horses undergoing laparotomy for colic
ConclusionPreloading with a lidocaine bolus prior to a CRI of lidocaine did not influence isoflurane requirements, cardiopulmonary effects (other than a reduction in heart rate at some time points) or recovery compared to no preloading bolus. Clinical relevanceA loading dose of lidocaine prior to CRI does not confer any advantage in horses undergoing laparotomy for colic. (Source: Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia)
Source: Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia - July 1, 2014 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Sara Nannarone, Alessia Cenani, Rodolfo Gialletti, Marco Pepe Tags: Research Paper Source Type: research

The effect of a pre‐anesthetic infusion of amino acids on body temperature, venous blood pH, glucose, creatinine, and lactate of healthy dogs during anesthesia
Conclusions and clinical relevanceIn healthy dogs, preanesthetic IV infusion of amino acids attenuated heat loss compared to controls, however, the amount attenuated may not be clinically useful. Further studies are warranted to determine if nutrient‐induced thermogenesis is beneficial to dogs undergoing anesthesia. (Source: Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia)
Source: Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia - July 1, 2014 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Stuart C Clark‐Price, Olivier Dossin, Thandeka R Ngwenyama, Mauria A O'Brien, Maureen McMichael, David J Schaeffer Tags: Short Communication Source Type: research

Cardiopulmonary effects of dexmedetomidine and ketamine infusions with either propofol infusion or isoflurane for anesthesia in horses
Conclusion and clinical relevanceBoth anesthetic protocols were suitable for arthroscopy. Administration of oxygen and ability to ventilate lungs is necessary for propofol‐based anesthesia. (Source: Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia)
Source: Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia - July 1, 2014 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Tanya Duke‐Novakovski, Carolina Palacios‐Jimenez, Tara Wetzel, Lisa Rymes, Andres F Sanchez‐Teran Tags: Research Paper Source Type: research

Partial intravenous anaesthesia in the horse: a review of intravenous agents used to supplement equine inhalation anaesthesia. Part 2: opioids and alpha‐2 adrenoceptor agonists
ConclusionsDifferent drugs and their combinations can be administered systemically in anaesthetized horses aiming to reduce the amount of the volatile agent while improving the recovery qualities and providing a multimodal analgesic approach. However, full studies as to whether these techniques improve cardiopulmonary status are not always available and potential disadvantages should also be considered. (Source: Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia)
Source: Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia - July 1, 2014 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Miguel Gozalo‐Marcilla, Frank Gasthuys, Stijn Schauvliege Tags: Review Article Source Type: research

Haemodynamic differences between pancuronium and vecuronium in an experimental pig model
ConclusionsThere are only minor haemodynamic differences when using pancuronium compared to vecuronium in the fentanyl‐pentobarbital‐midazolam‐N2O anesthetised domestic pigs. Furthermore, increasing doses of vecuronium have minimal haemodynamic effects. Clinical relevanceExperimental studies in pigs using either pancuronium or vecuronium as a neuromuscular blocking agent are comparable with regard to cardiac and haemodynamic performance. (Source: Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia)
Source: Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia - July 1, 2014 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Kristoffer Grong, Pirjo‐Riitta Salminen, Lodve Stangeland, Geir O. Dahle Tags: Research Paper Source Type: research

Effects of tramadol and o‐desmethyltramadol on canine innate immune system function
ConclusionsTramadol and its metabolite M1 were sparing to PMN phagocytosis and oxidative burst in dogs in vitro. Tramadol did not alter leukocyte cytokine production, however, M1 blunted IL‐10 production at clinically achievable concentrations suggesting that M1 may promote a proinflammatory shift. Clinical relevanceThese data suggest that tramadol has minimal effect on phagocytosis and oxidative burst, and may promote a proinflammatory shift. Therefore, tramadol may be an ideal opioid analgesic in dogs at high risk of infection. Further investigation in vivo is warranted. (Source: Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia)
Source: Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia - July 1, 2014 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Sandra M Axiak‐Bechtel, Kaoru Tsuruta, Juliana Amorim, Rebecca Donaldson, Giulia Lino, Allyson Honaker, Farrah Monibi, John Dodam, Amy DeClue Tags: Research Paper Source Type: research