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Opposing Extremes of Zygomatic Bone Morphology: Australopithecus Boisei versus Homo Neanderthalensis
ABSTRACT The lateral margin of the zygomatic bone of Australopithecus boisei flares both anteriorly and laterally. As a result, the bone loses the suspensory bracing of the facial frame and is transformed into a visor‐like structure that supports itself and gains its rigidity from its shape. The coronally oriented bony plates and the outline of the facial mask help the A. boisei face resist the effect of the visor‐like structure, which tends to pull the bone plates of the face away from the midline. On the other hand, the nearly sagittal orientation of the zygomatic bone in Homo neanderthalensis helps the face resist t...
Source: The Anatomical Record Part A: Discoveries in Molecular, Cellular, and Evolutionary Biology - December 20, 2016 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Yoel Rak, Assaf Marom Tags: ARTICLE Source Type: research

Toward Understanding the Mammalian Zygoma: Insights From Comparative Anatomy, Growth and Development, and Morphometric Analysis
ABSTRACT The zygoma, or jugum, is a cranial element that was present in Mesozoic tetrapods, well before the appearance of mammals. Although as an entity the zygoma is a primitive retention among mammals, it has assumed myriad configurations as this group diversified. As the zygoma is located at the intersection of the visual, respiratory, and masticatory apparatuses, it is potentially of great importance in systematic, phylogenetic, and functional studies focused on this region. For example, the facial component of the zygoma and its contribution to a postorbital bar (POB) appear to be relevant to the systematics of a numb...
Source: The Anatomical Record Part A: Discoveries in Molecular, Cellular, and Evolutionary Biology - December 20, 2016 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Samuel M árquez, Anthony S. Pagano, Jeffrey H. Schwartz, Abigail Curtis, Bradley N. Delman, William Lawson, Jeffrey T. Laitman Tags: ARTICLE Source Type: research

A Comparative Morphological Study of the Jugal and Quadratojugal in Early Birds and Their Dinosaurian Relatives
ABSTRACT The zygoma (called jugal bar) in modern birds accounts for a large portion of the ventral margin of the cranium. As a delicate and rod‐like element, the jugal bar is functionally integrated into the avian cranial kinesis, a unique property that allows the beak to be elevated or depressed with respect to the braincase and thus distinguishes birds from all other modern vertebrates. Developmental studies show that the jugal bar of modern birds is formed by the fusion of the jugal and quadratojugal that are ossified from separated centers. However, those two bones are unfused and exhibit complicated morphological va...
Source: The Anatomical Record Part A: Discoveries in Molecular, Cellular, and Evolutionary Biology - December 20, 2016 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Min Wang, Han Hu Tags: ARTICLE Source Type: research

Biomechanical Evaluation of Different Musculoskeletal Arrangements in Psittacosaurus and Implications for Cranial Function
ABSTRACT The masseter muscle complex is a unique feature of extant mammals and their advanced cynodont precursors, originating from the zygomatic arch and inserting onto the lateral surface of the dentary. This muscle complex is absent in sauropsids, with the exception of the neomorphic m. pseudomasseter complex that is unique to psittaciform birds (parrots and cockatiels). The anterior position and anterodorsally inclined line of action of both muscle groups increases leverage of the jaw and is thought to contribute to increased bite force, particularly in psittaciforms. A corollary is that in mammals at least, the masset...
Source: The Anatomical Record Part A: Discoveries in Molecular, Cellular, and Evolutionary Biology - December 20, 2016 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Adam C. Taylor, Stephan Lautenschlager, Zhao Qi, Emily J. Rayfield Tags: ARTICLE Source Type: research

Morphological Diversity and Evolution of the Jugal in Dinosaurs
ABSTRACT In dinosaurs, as in other reptiles, the homologue of the mammalian zygomatic bone is the jugal. The dinosaurian jugal was primitively triradiate, with posterior, dorsal and anterior processes that respectively contacted the quadratojugal, the postorbital, and the maxilla and lacrimal. However, the jugal evolved along different lines in the three major dinosaurian clades. In theropods this cranial element remained relatively conservative in morphology, apart from being reduced to a rod‐like structure in most birds and a few non‐avians. In sauropodomorphs the jugal eventually became small, plate‐like and nearl...
Source: The Anatomical Record Part A: Discoveries in Molecular, Cellular, and Evolutionary Biology - December 20, 2016 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Corwin Sullivan, Xing Xu Tags: ARTICLE Source Type: research

The Evolution of the Zygomatic Bone From Agnatha to Tetrapoda
ABSTRACT Establishing the homology of the zygomatic or jugal bone and tracing its origin and early evolution represents a complex issue because of large morphological gaps between various groups of vertebrates. Using recent paleontological findings, we discuss the deep homology of the zygomatic or jugal bone in stem gnathostomes (placoderms) and examine its homology and modifications in crown gnathostomes (acanthodians, chondrichthyans and osteichthyans). The discovery of the placoderm Entelognathus from the Silurian of China (∼423 million years ago) established that the large dermal plates in placoderms and osteichthyan...
Source: The Anatomical Record Part A: Discoveries in Molecular, Cellular, and Evolutionary Biology - December 20, 2016 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Zhikun Gai, Xiaobo Yu, Min Zhu Tags: ARTICLE Source Type: research

Evolution of the Jugal/Zygomatic Bones
This article is an overview in which we discuss the primary findings of these studies and some of their implications. Anat Rec, 300:12–15, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Source: The Anatomical Record Part A: Discoveries in Molecular, Cellular, and Evolutionary Biology)
Source: The Anatomical Record Part A: Discoveries in Molecular, Cellular, and Evolutionary Biology - December 20, 2016 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Paul C. Dechow, Qian Wang Tags: ARTICLE Source Type: research

A Jugal in the Rough: The Evolutionary Importance of the Zygoma
(Source: The Anatomical Record Part A: Discoveries in Molecular, Cellular, and Evolutionary Biology)
Source: The Anatomical Record Part A: Discoveries in Molecular, Cellular, and Evolutionary Biology - December 20, 2016 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Jeffrey T. Laitman Tags: ARTICLE Source Type: research

The Anatomical Record Continues Our Special Issue, “Understanding the Zygoma,” Now Exploring the Extraordinary Twists and Turns of Its Evolutionary Journey in Our First “Act II” of a Special Issue
(Source: The Anatomical Record Part A: Discoveries in Molecular, Cellular, and Evolutionary Biology)
Source: The Anatomical Record Part A: Discoveries in Molecular, Cellular, and Evolutionary Biology - December 20, 2016 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Jeffrey T. Laitman, Kurt H. Albertine Tags: ARTICLE Source Type: research

Issue Information – TOC & Copyright
(Source: The Anatomical Record Part A: Discoveries in Molecular, Cellular, and Evolutionary Biology)
Source: The Anatomical Record Part A: Discoveries in Molecular, Cellular, and Evolutionary Biology - December 20, 2016 Category: Molecular Biology Tags: Issue Information – TOC & Copyright Source Type: research

Cover Image
(Source: The Anatomical Record Part A: Discoveries in Molecular, Cellular, and Evolutionary Biology)
Source: The Anatomical Record Part A: Discoveries in Molecular, Cellular, and Evolutionary Biology - December 20, 2016 Category: Molecular Biology Tags: Cover Image Source Type: research

Vascular Canals in Permanent Hyaline Cartilage: Development, Corrosion of Non ‐mineralized Cartilage Matrix, and Removal of Matrix Degradation Products
This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. (Source: The Anatomical Record Part A: Discoveries in Molecular, Cellular, and Evolutionary Biology)
Source: The Anatomical Record Part A: Discoveries in Molecular, Cellular, and Evolutionary Biology - December 19, 2016 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Simone Gabner, Gabriele H äusler, Peter Böck Tags: Full Length Article Source Type: research

Bone microstructure of pareiasaurs (Parareptilia) from the Karoo Basin, South Africa: implications for growth strategies and lifestyle habits
This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. (Source: The Anatomical Record Part A: Discoveries in Molecular, Cellular, and Evolutionary Biology)
Source: The Anatomical Record Part A: Discoveries in Molecular, Cellular, and Evolutionary Biology - December 19, 2016 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Aurore Canoville, Anusuya Chinsamy Tags: Full Length Article Source Type: research

Effects of growth on muscle, tendon and aponeurosis tissues in rabbit shank musculature
This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. (Source: The Anatomical Record Part A: Discoveries in Molecular, Cellular, and Evolutionary Biology)
Source: The Anatomical Record Part A: Discoveries in Molecular, Cellular, and Evolutionary Biology - December 19, 2016 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Markus B öl, Kay Leichsenring, Tobias Siebert Tags: Full Length Article Source Type: research

Uterine focal adhesion dynamics during pregnancy in a marsupial (Sminthopsis crassicaudata; Dasyuridae)
This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. (Source: The Anatomical Record Part A: Discoveries in Molecular, Cellular, and Evolutionary Biology)
Source: The Anatomical Record Part A: Discoveries in Molecular, Cellular, and Evolutionary Biology - November 30, 2016 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Melanie K. Laird, Michaela Turancova, Bronwyn M. McAllan, Christopher R. Murphy, Michael B. Thompson Tags: Full Length Article Source Type: research