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Assessment of the Severity of Native Mitral Valve Regurgitation
Mitral regurgitation (MR) is a major cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. MR is classified as primary (organic) if it is due to an intrinsic valve abnormality, or secondary (functional) if the etiology is because of remodeling of left ventricular geometry and/or valve annulus. Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) is the initial modality for MR evaluation. Parameters used for the assessment of MR include valve structure, cardiac remodeling, and color and spectral Doppler. Quantitative measurements include effective regurgitant orifice area, regurgitant volume, and regurgitant fraction. (Source: Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases)
Source: Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases - November 21, 2017 Category: Cardiology Authors: Kinan Carlos El-Tallawi, David Messika Zeitoun, William A. Zoghbi Source Type: research

Functional Mitral Regurgitation: Imaging Insights, Clinical Outcomes and Surgical Principles
Functional mitral regurgitation (MR;FMR) is the most common type of MR and its development is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Leaflet tethering with apical shift of the papillary muscle due to adverse left ventricular remodeling and loss of normal leaflet coaptation is the principal mechanism of FMR. Echocardiography plays a central role in the assessment of the FMR. The development of 3D echocardiography has allowed for assessment of the geometric changes of mitral valve morphology and spatial relationship with the left ventricle that accompanies FMR. (Source: Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases)
Source: Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases - November 20, 2017 Category: Cardiology Authors: Nozomi Watanabe, Simon Maltais, Shun Nishino, Tara A. O'Donoghue, Judy Hung Source Type: research

Mitral Regurgitation in the 21st Century
This year Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases has focused one full issue of the journal to mitral valve (MV) disease and ,specifically, mitral regurgitation (MR). We have come a long way from considering MR as a declining, almost negligible consequence of rheumatic carditis to the acknowledgement that cardiac conditions related to aging, degenerative, myopathic or ischemic, have created an environment in which MR is the most frequent valve disease with considerable prevalence, particularly in the growing elderly population. (Source: Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases)
Source: Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases - November 20, 2017 Category: Cardiology Authors: Maurice Enriquez-Sarano, Hector I. Michelena Source Type: research

Biomarkers in Mitral Regurgitation
Mitral regurgitation (MR) is a common cause of heart failure but may also remain silent without either symptoms or altered cardiac function. In the latter case, management is still controversial and biomarkers could be an important means to solving remaining issues in MR management. As objective markers of myocardial stress and early left ventricular dysfunction, biomarkers may for example facilitate the identification of patients with benefit from early surgery of degenerative MR. The most studied biomarkers are the natriuretic peptides (NPs), especially brain NP, as well as its N terminal prohormone. (Source: Progress in...
Source: Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases - November 15, 2017 Category: Cardiology Authors: Magnus B äck, Rodolfo Pizarro, Marie-Annick Clavel Source Type: research

Percutaneous Treatment for Native Mitral Regurgitation
Severe mitral regurgitation (MR) confers an adverse prognosis, frequently with debilitating symptoms of heart failure. While open surgical correction has been the standard of care for decades, novel catheter-based technologies have emerged that are highly effective in the treatment of MR. These percutaneous technologies, which include methods for both repair as well as valve replacement, have the potential to address unmet clinical needs in patients with MR, and serve as a viable alternative to surgery. (Source: Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases)
Source: Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases - November 10, 2017 Category: Cardiology Authors: Paul Sorajja, Francesco Maisano Source Type: research

Exercise Testing in Mitral Regurgitation
Mitral regurgitation (MR) is the second most common valvular heart disease referred for corrective surgery. Diagnostic and management dilemmas are not uncommon when dealing with MR patients. Exercise testing plays an important role in sorting out some of these clinical challenges. In primary asymptomatic MR, exercise testing allows symptom assessment, confident link of symptoms to valve disease severity, safe deferral of surgery for the next 1-year in patients with preserved exercise capacity, insights into the mechanism of exercise-induced dyspnea and helps in individual risk stratification. (Source: Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases)
Source: Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases - November 8, 2017 Category: Cardiology Authors: Raluca Dulgheru, Stella Marchetta, Tadafumi Sugimoto, Yun Yun Go, Alexandra Girbea, Oury C écile, Patrizio Lancellotti Source Type: research

Outcomes in Degenerative Mitral Regurgitation: Current State-of-the Art and Future Directions
Mitral regurgitation (MR) is the one of the most frequent valvular heart diseases in the developed world, often requiring surgical correction. Degenerative MR is the most common type of non-ischemic, organic MR in the western world. Since no medical treatment has been shown to be effective in preventing the consequences of volume overload in asymptomatic degenerative MR, risk stratification is essential. Currently, this is achieved using clinical and precisely quantified echocardiographic parameters, with newer technologies like cardiac magnetic resonance gaining increasing prominence. (Source: Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases)
Source: Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases - November 8, 2017 Category: Cardiology Authors: Milind Y. Desai, Francesco Grigioni, Marco Di Eusanio, Matteo Saccocci, Maurizio Taramasso, Francesco Maisano, Rakesh M. Suri, A. Marc Gillinov Source Type: research

Mitral Valve Repair: Robotic and Other Minimally Invasive Approaches
Robotic and minimally invasive mitral valve (MV) procedures have been performed with increasing frequency over time. These alternatives offer similar efficacy to that achieved via standard median sternotomy, particularly in large volume centers, along with low perioperative morbidity and mortality rates. Moreover, patient acceptance is oftentimes increased due to less postoperative pain and shorter recovery times, as well as superior cosmetic results. However, these techniques are technically complex and associated with a significant learning curve. (Source: Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases)
Source: Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases - November 8, 2017 Category: Cardiology Authors: Mateo Marin Cuartas, Hoda Javadikasgari, Bettina Pfannmueller, Joerg Seeburger, A. Marc Gillinov, Rakesh M. Suri, Michael A. Borger Source Type: research

Four Years as Editor-in-Chief
As I begin my fifth year as Editor-in-Chief (EIC) of Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases (PCVD), which really is six years since I began working on the January 2014 Issue a year earlier, I have been very satisfied with the experience and the “progress” (no pun intended) that the Journal has made during the past several years. I believe that we have had no weak Issues and many stellar ones, and the Journal has made strides in the right direction regarding both prestige and rankings. (Source: Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases)
Source: Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases - November 6, 2017 Category: Cardiology Authors: Carl J. Lavie Tags: Special Editor's Page Source Type: research

Special Editor's Page: Four Years as Editor-in-Chief
As I begin my fifth year as Editor-in-Chief (EIC) of Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases (PCVD), which really is six years since I began working on the January 2014 Issue a year earlier, I have been very satisfied with the experience and the “progress” (no pun intended) that the Journal has made during the past several years. I believe that we have had no weak Issues and many stellar ones, and the Journal has made strides in the right direction regarding both prestige and rankings. (Source: Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases)
Source: Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases - November 6, 2017 Category: Cardiology Authors: Carl J. Lavie Tags: Editorial Source Type: research

Mitral Valve Prolapse: Multimodality Imaging and Genetic Insights
Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) is a common heritable valvulopathy affecting approximately 2.4% of the population. It is the most important cause of primary mitral regurgitation (MR) requiring surgery. MVP is characterized by fibromyxomatous changes and displacement of one or both mitral leaflets into the left atrium. Echocardiography represents the primary diagnostic modality for assessment of MVP. Accurate quantitation of ventricular volumes and function for surgical planning in asymptomatic severe MR can be provided with both echocardiography and cardiac magnetic resonance . (Source: Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases)
Source: Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases - November 6, 2017 Category: Cardiology Authors: Purvi Parwani, Jean-Francois Avierinos, Robert A. Levine, Francesca Nesta Delling Source Type: research

Special Editor ’s Page: Four Years as Editor-in-Chief
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Source: Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases - November 6, 2017 Category: Cardiology Authors: Carl J. Lavie Tags: Editorial Source Type: research

Mitral Valve Repair in Degenerative Mitral Regurgitation: State of the Art
In industrialized countries, the most common etiology of mitral regurgitation (MR) is degenerative mitral valve (MV) disease. The natural history of severe degenerative MR is poor. However, its appropriate and timely correction is associated with a life expectancy similar to that of the normal population. Surgical MV repair is the gold standard treatment. This review will focus on the most recent evidence with a specific emphasis on surgical indications, timing of treatment, contemporary surgical techniques, Heart Teams and Centers of Excellence. (Source: Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases)
Source: Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases - November 5, 2017 Category: Cardiology Authors: Michele De Bonis, Ottavio Alfieri, Malcolm Dalrymple-Hay, Benedetto Del Forno, Filip Dulguerov, Gilles Dreyfus Source Type: research

Mitral Valve-in-Valve/Ring and Other Percutaneous Treatments of Surgical Failures
Re-do mitral valve surgery is associated with high morbidity and mortality. In recent years a variety of percutaneous repair techniques of surgical failures have emerged as safe and effective treatment options for several post-surgical problems including bioprosthetic mitral valve failure, prosthetic regurgitation or stenosis following annuloplasty, and periprosthetic regurgitation. This review will cover the indications, techniques and outcomes of these novel percutaneous therapies. (Source: Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases)
Source: Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases - November 5, 2017 Category: Cardiology Authors: Mackram F. Eleid Source Type: research