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Identifying periods of drowsy driving using EEG.
Authors: Brown T, Johnson R, Milavetz G Abstract Drowsy driving is a significant contributor to death and injury crashes on our nation's highways. Predictive neurophysiologic/physiologic solutions to reduce these incidences have been proposed and developed. EEG based metrics were found to be promising in initial studies, but remain controversial in their efficacy, primarily due to failures to develop replication studies within the simulation settings used for development, and real-world validation. This analysis sought to address these short comings by assessing the utility of the B-Alert algorithms, in a ...
Source: Annals of Advances in Automotive Medicine - June 3, 2015 Category: Global & Universal Tags: Ann Adv Automot Med Source Type: research

Abdominal Organ Location, Morphology, and Rib Coverage for the 5(th), 50(th), and 95(th) Percentile Males and Females in the Supine and Seated Posture using Multi-Modality Imaging.
Authors: Hayes AR, Gayzik FS, Moreno DP, Martin RS, Stitzel JD Abstract The purpose of this study was to use data from a multi-modality image set of males and females representing the 5(th), 50(th), and 95(th) percentile (n=6) to examine abdominal organ location, morphology, and rib coverage variations between supine and seated postures. Medical images were acquired from volunteers in three image modalities including Computed Tomography (CT), Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), and upright MRI (uMRI). A manual and semi-automated segmentation method was used to acquire data and a registration technique was em...
Source: Annals of Advances in Automotive Medicine - June 3, 2015 Category: Global & Universal Tags: Ann Adv Automot Med Source Type: research

Biomechanics of foot/ankle trauma with variable energy impacts.
Authors: Gallenberger K, Yoganandan N, Pintar F Abstract A total of 60 pendulum impacts to the plantar surface of 15 lower limb PMHS specimens were conducted. Impact conditions were chosen to obtain data from high velocity tests without injury. For 19 impacts the specimen was initially positioned in 20-deg of dorsiflexion. The remaining impacts used neutral positioning. The foot-ankle response was investigated based on impact energy and velocity. Response was characterized by heel pad and joint stiffness. For neutral tests, axial force vs compression corridors were developed for 2-3 m/s, 4-6 m/s, and 7-63 ...
Source: Annals of Advances in Automotive Medicine - June 3, 2015 Category: Global & Universal Tags: Ann Adv Automot Med Source Type: research

Injury patterns to other body regions and load vectors in nearside impact occupants with and without shoulder injuries.
Authors: Yoganandan N, Stadter GW, Halloway DE, Pintar FA Abstract CIREN and NASS-CDS databases were used to analyze nearside impact injuries. Front seat occupants with and without shoulder injuries were examined on an individual basis in both databases. All vehicles were from model year 2000 or newer. Variables such as the type of collision, change in velocity, principal direction force, demographics, injuries scored by the MAIS and ISS metrics, and injuries to the head, thorax, abdomen and pelvis were included. Shoulder injuries included fractures to the humerus, scapula and clavicle, and associated join...
Source: Annals of Advances in Automotive Medicine - June 3, 2015 Category: Global & Universal Tags: Ann Adv Automot Med Source Type: research

Pedestrian injury risk functions based on contour lines of equal injury severity using real world pedestrian/passenger-car accident data.
Authors: Niebuhr T, Junge M, Achmus S Abstract Injury risk assessment plays a pivotal role in the assessment of the effectiveness of Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) as they specify the injury reduction potential of the system. The usual way to describe injury risks is by use of injury risk functions, i.e. specifying the probability of an injury of a given severity occurring at a specific technical accident severity (collision speed). A method for the generation of a family of risk functions for different levels of injury severity is developed. The injury severity levels are determined by use of a...
Source: Annals of Advances in Automotive Medicine - June 3, 2015 Category: Global & Universal Tags: Ann Adv Automot Med Source Type: research

Biomechanics of human thoracolumbar spinal column trauma from vertical impact loading.
The objective of the study was to determine the biomechanical characteristics associated with such spinal injuries due to vertical loading. Upper thoracic (T2-T6), lower thoracic (T7-T11) and lumbar (T12-L5) columns from post mortem human surrogates were procured, fixed at the ends and dropped from three heights: the first two impacts designed as non-failure tests and the final was the failure test. Intermittent evaluations consisted of palpations and x-rays. Injuries were assessed using posttest x-rays and computed tomography scans. The age, stature, total body mass and body mass index of three PMHS were: 50 years, 164 cm...
Source: Annals of Advances in Automotive Medicine - June 3, 2015 Category: Global & Universal Tags: Ann Adv Automot Med Source Type: research

Changes in the Severity and Injury Sources of Thoracic Aorta Injuries due to Vehicular Crashes.
This study attempted to explore possible explanations of these findings. Adult front seat occupants in the Crash Injury Research and Engineering Network (CIREN) database through June 2012 were studied. TAI cases were compared with remaining cases in relation to crash and vehicular characteristics. TAI cases of later crash year (CY) (2004-2012) were compared to those in earlier CY (1996-2003) in relation to TAI severity (minor, moderate, severe and non-survivable). TAI cases in newer model year (MY) vehicles (1999-2012) were compared to those in older vehicles (1988-98) in relation to injury source (steering wheel, front, l...
Source: Annals of Advances in Automotive Medicine - June 3, 2015 Category: Global & Universal Tags: Ann Adv Automot Med Source Type: research

Evaluation of chest injury mechanisms in nearside oblique frontal impacts.
Authors: Iraeus J, Lindquist M, Wistrand S, Sibgård E, Pipkorn B Abstract Despite the use of seat belts and modern safety systems, many automobile occupants are still seriously injured or killed in car crashes. Common configurations in these crashes are oblique and small overlap frontal impacts that often lead to chest injuries.To evaluate the injury mechanism in these oblique impacts, an investigation was carried out using mathematical human body model simulations. A model of a simplified vehicle interior was developed and validated by means of mechanical sled tests with the Hybrid III dummy. The interio...
Source: Annals of Advances in Automotive Medicine - June 3, 2015 Category: Global & Universal Tags: Ann Adv Automot Med Source Type: research

Comparison of AIS 1990 update 98 versus AIS 2005 for describing PMHS injuries in lateral and oblique sled tests.
This study analyzed skeletal and organ injuries in pure lateral and oblique impacts from 20 intact post mortem human surrogate (PMHS) sled tests at 6.7 m/s. Injuries to the shoulder, thorax, abdomen, pelvis and spine were scored using AIS 1990-1998 update and 2005. The Injury Severity Scores (ISS) were extracted for both loadings from both versions. Mean age, stature, total body mass and body mass index for pure lateral and oblique tests: 58 and 55 years, 1.7 and 1.8 m, 69 and 66 kg, and 24 and 21 kg/m(2). Skeletal injuries (ribs, sternum) occurred in both impacts. However, oblique impacts resulted in more injuries. Pure l...
Source: Annals of Advances in Automotive Medicine - June 3, 2015 Category: Global & Universal Tags: Ann Adv Automot Med Source Type: research

The effects of cadaver orientation on the relative position of the abdominal organs.
Authors: Howes MK, Hardy WN, Beillas P Abstract Biplane x-ray was used to image two cadavers in upright and inverted postures, and the three-dimensional variation in the relative abdominal organ position was quantified. The abdominal organs of each surrogate were instrumented with radiopaque markers using a minimally invasive approach. Imaging was performed with a known stomach volume, with residual air removed from the abdominal cavity, and with ventilation and perfusion. Marker positions were determined in two planar x-ray perspectives using target tracking software and projected into calibrated three-di...
Source: Annals of Advances in Automotive Medicine - June 3, 2015 Category: Global & Universal Tags: Ann Adv Automot Med Source Type: research

Estimating side underride fatalities using field data.
This study's principal objective was to develop accurate fatality estimates for side underride crashes involving "combination trucks" and light vehicles. Police reports from 29 states were used to estimate the incidence of fatal crashes in which light vehicles underrode the sides of large combination trucks. A protocol was developed to judge the presence of underride with passenger compartment intrusion (PCI), and an in-depth manual review of police reports was performed using scene diagrams, narratives, vehicle and occupant data. The incidence of fatal underride was then compared to that reported in FARS to determine the ...
Source: Annals of Advances in Automotive Medicine - June 3, 2015 Category: Global & Universal Tags: Ann Adv Automot Med Source Type: research

Mortality-based Quantification of Injury Severity for Frequently Occurring Motor Vehicle Crash Injuries.
Authors: Weaver AA, Barnard RT, Kilgo PD, Martin RS, Stitzel JD Abstract The study purpose was to develop mortality-based metrics of injury severity for frequent motor vehicle crash (MVC) injuries. Injury severity was quantified with mortality-based metrics for 240 injuries comprising the top 95% most frequently occurring AIS 2+ injuries in the National Automotive Sampling System - Crashworthiness Data System (NASS-CDS) 2000-2011. Mortality risk ratios (MRRs) were computed by dividing the number of deaths by occurrences for each of the 240 injuries using National Trauma Data Bank Research Data System (NTDB...
Source: Annals of Advances in Automotive Medicine - June 3, 2015 Category: Global & Universal Tags: Ann Adv Automot Med Source Type: research

Declining statewide trends in motor vehicle crashes and injury-related hospital admissions.
Authors: Dischinger PC, Ryb GE, Kufera JA, Ho SM Abstract Numbers of crashes, rates of police-reported injury severity, and hospital admission rates were calculated for the ten year period between 2001 and 2010 in Maryland. Comparisons were made for two 5-year periods of 2001-2005 and 2006-2010. Crash characteristics remained similar for the two five-year periods, but there was a significant increase in occupant age. Declines in police-reported injury severity were noted for each of four age groups: 16-29, 30-54, 55-64, and 65+, with smaller declines among older occupants. In addition, there were significa...
Source: Annals of Advances in Automotive Medicine - June 3, 2015 Category: Global & Universal Tags: Ann Adv Automot Med Source Type: research

Availability and quality of prehospital care on pakistani interurban roads.
Authors: Bhatti JA, Waseem H, Razzak JA, Shiekh NU, Khoso AK, Salmi LR Abstract Interurban road crashes often result in severe Road Traffic Injuries (RTIs). Prehospital emergency care on interurban roads was rarely evaluated in the low- and middle-income countries. The study highlighted the availability and quality of prehospital care facilities on interurban roads in Pakistan, a low-income country. The study setting was a 592-km-long National highway in the province of Sindh, Pakistan. Using the questionnaires adapted from the World Health Organization prehospital care guidelines [Sasser et al., 2005], ma...
Source: Annals of Advances in Automotive Medicine - June 3, 2015 Category: Global & Universal Tags: Ann Adv Automot Med Source Type: research

Injury risk for rear-seated occupants in small overlap crashes.
Authors: Arbogast KB, Locey CM, Hammond R, Belwadi A Abstract Small overlap crashes, where the primary crash engagement is outboard from the longitudinal energy absorbing structures of the vehicle, have received recent interest as a crash dynamic that results in high likelihood of injury. Previous analyses of good performing vehicles showed that 24% of crashes with AIS 3+ injuries to front seat occupants were small overlap crashes. However, similar evaluations have not been conducted for those rear seated. Vehicle dynamics suggest that rear seat occupants may be at greater risk due to lack of lateral seati...
Source: Annals of Advances in Automotive Medicine - June 3, 2015 Category: Global & Universal Tags: Ann Adv Automot Med Source Type: research