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Helminths in the gastrointestinal tract as modulators of immunity and pathology
Helminth parasites are highly prevalent in many low- and middle-income countries, in which inflammatory bowel disease and other immunopathologies are less frequent than in the developed world. Many of the most common helminths establish themselves in the gastrointestinal tract and can exert counter-inflammatory influences on the host immune system. For these reasons, interest has arisen as to how parasites may ameliorate intestinal inflammation and whether these organisms, or products they release, could offer future therapies for immune disorders. In this review, we discuss interactions between helminth parasites and the ...
Source: AJP: Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology - June 1, 2017 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Varyani, F., Fleming, J. O., Maizels, R. M. Tags: REVIEW Source Type: research

Corrigendum
(Source: AJP: Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology)
Source: AJP: Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology - May 4, 2017 Category: Gastroenterology Tags: CORRIGENDUM Source Type: research

The effect of intravenous corticotropin-releasing hormone administration on esophageal sensitivity and motility in health
Esophageal hypersensitivity is important in gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) patients who are refractory to acid-suppressive therapy. Stress affects visceral sensitivity and exacerbates heartburn in GERD. Peripheral CRH is a key mediator of the gut stress response. We hypothesize that CRH increases esophageal sensitivity and alters esophageal motility in health. Esophageal sensitivity to thermal, mechanical, electrical, and chemical stimuli was assessed in 14 healthy subjects after administration of placebo or CRH (100 μg iv). Perception scores were assessed for first perception, pain perception threshold (PPT), a...
Source: AJP: Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology - May 4, 2017 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Broers, C., Melchior, C., Van Oudenhove, L., Vanuytsel, T., Van Houtte, B., Scheerens, C., Rommel, N., Tack, J., Pauwels, A. Tags: RESEARCH ARTICLE Source Type: research

Pharyngeal peristaltic pressure variability, operational range, and functional reserve
The present understanding of pharyngeal motor function remains incomplete. Among the remaining gaps of knowledge in this regard is the magnitude of variability of pharyngeal peristaltic pressure amplitude. Although variability can pose difficulty in interpretation of manometric findings, its magnitude can inform the operational range and reserve of the pharyngeal contractile function. We aimed to define the intra- and intersubject and intersession variability of select pharyngeal manometric parameters and, using this information, determine the number of swallow repetitions for acquiring reliable pharyngeal manometric data....
Source: AJP: Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology - May 4, 2017 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Kern, M. K., Balasubramanian, G., Sanvanson, P., Agrawal, D., Wuerl, A., Shaker, R. Tags: RESEARCH ARTICLE Source Type: research

High-resolution anatomic correlation of cyclic motor patterns in the human colon: Evidence of a rectosigmoid brake
This study characterized colonic CMPs using high-resolution (HR) manometry (72 sensors, 1-cm resolution) and their relationship with proximal antegrade propagating events. Nine healthy volunteers were recruited. Recordings were performed over 4 h, with a 700-kcal meal given after 2 h. Propagating events were visually identified and analyzed by pattern, origin, amplitude, extent of propagation, velocity, and duration. Manometric data were normalized using anatomic landmarks identified on abdominal radiographs. These were mapped over a three-dimensional anatomic model. CMPs comprised a majority of detected propagating events...
Source: AJP: Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology - May 4, 2017 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Lin, A. Y., Du, P., Dinning, P. G., Arkwright, J. W., Kamp, J. P., Cheng, L. K., Bissett, I. P., O'Grady, G. Tags: RESEARCH ARTICLE Source Type: research

Central inhibition of initiation of swallowing by systemic administration of diazepam and baclofen in anaesthetized rats
Dysphagia is caused not only by neurological and/or structural damage but also by medication. We hypothesized memantine, dextromethorphan, diazepam, and baclofen, all commonly used drugs with central sites of action, may regulate swallowing function. Swallows were evoked by upper airway (UA)/pharyngeal distension, punctate mechanical stimulation using a von Frey filament, capsaicin or distilled water (DW) applied topically to the vocal folds, and electrical stimulation of a superior laryngeal nerve (SLN) in anesthetized rats and were documented by recording electromyographic activation of the suprahyoid and thyrohyoid musc...
Source: AJP: Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology - May 4, 2017 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Tsujimura, T., Sakai, S., Suzuki, T., Ujihara, I., Tsuji, K., Magara, J., Canning, B. J., Inoue, M. Tags: RESEARCH ARTICLE Source Type: research

The influence of rosuvastatin on the gastrointestinal microbiota and host gene expression profiles
This study suggests that a commonly used statin (RSV) leads to an altered gut microbial composition in normal mice with attendant impacts on local gene expression profiles, a finding that should prompt further studies to investigate the implications of statins for gut microbiota stability and health in humans. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This work demonstrates that rosuvastatin administration in mice affects the gastrointestinal microbiota, influences bile acid metabolism, and alters transcription of genes encoding factors involved in gut homeostasis and immunity in the gastrointestinal tract. (Source: AJP: Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology)
Source: AJP: Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology - May 4, 2017 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Nolan, J. A., Skuse, P., Govindarajan, K., Patterson, E., Konstantinidou, N., Casey, P. G., MacSharry, J., Shanahan, F., Stanton, C., Hill, C., Cotter, P. D., Joyce, S. A., Gahan, C. G. M. Tags: RESEARCH ARTICLE Source Type: research

Prebiotic milk oligosaccharides prevent development of obese phenotype, impairment of gut permeability, and microbial dysbiosis in high fat-fed mice
This study provides the first report of the effects of prebiotic bovine milk oligosaccharides on the host phenotype of high-fat diet-induced obesity in mice. (Source: AJP: Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology)
Source: AJP: Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology - May 4, 2017 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Hamilton, M. K., Ronveaux, C. C., Rust, B. M., Newman, J. W., Hawley, M., Barile, D., Mills, D. A., Raybould, H. E. Tags: RESEARCH ARTICLE Source Type: research

Dicer-dependent production of microRNA221 in hepatocytes inhibits p27 and is required for liver regeneration in mice
Dicer processes microRNAs (miRs) into active forms in a wide variety of tissues, including the liver. To determine the role of Dicer in liver regeneration, we performed a series of in vivo and in vitro studies in a murine 2/3 hepatectomy model. Dicer was downregulated after 2/3 hepatectomy, and loss of Dicer inhibited liver regeneration associated with decreased cyclin A2 and miR-221, as well as increased levels of the cell cycle inhibitor p27. In vitro, miR-221 inhibited p27 production in primary hepatocytes and increased hepatocyte proliferation. Specific reconstitution of miR-221 in hepatocyte-specific Dicer-null mice i...
Source: AJP: Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology - May 4, 2017 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Oya, Y., Masuzaki, R., Tsugawa, D., Ray, K. C., Dou, Y., Karp, S. J. Tags: RESEARCH ARTICLE Source Type: research

Deoxyribonuclease partially ameliorates thioacetamide-induced hepatorenal injury
In conclusion, the study confirmed the hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic effect of thioacetamide. The associated increase in cell-free DNA seems to be involved in hepatorenal pathogenesis because treatment with deoxyribonuclease resulted in a partial prevention of hepatorenal injury. Further experiments will focus on the effects of long-term treatment with deoxyribonuclease in other clinically more relevant models. Clinical studies should test endogenous deoxyribonuclease activity as a potential risk determinant for kidney or liver failure. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Thioacetamide-induced hepatorenal injury resulted in higher plasma c...
Source: AJP: Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology - May 4, 2017 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Vokalova, L., Laukova, L., Conka, J., Meliskova, V., Borbelyova, V., Babickova, J., Tothova, L., Hodosy, J., Vlkova, B., Celec, P. Tags: RESEARCH ARTICLE Source Type: research

Hydrogen sulfide improves intestinal recovery following ischemia by endothelial nitric oxide-dependent mechanisms
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is an endogenous gasotransmitter that has vasodilatory properties. It may be a novel therapy for intestinal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. We hypothesized that 1) H2S would improve postischemic survival, mesenteric perfusion, mucosal injury, and inflammation compared with vehicle and 2) the benefits of H2S would be mediated through endothelial nitric oxide. C57BL/6J wild-type and endothelial nitric oxide synthase knockout (eNOS KO) mice were anesthetized, and a midline laparotomy was performed. Intestines were eviscerated, the small bowel mesenteric root identified, and baseline intestinal perfus...
Source: AJP: Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology - May 4, 2017 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Jensen, A. R., Drucker, N. A., Khaneki, S., Ferkowicz, M. J., Markel, T. A. Tags: RESEARCH ARTICLE Source Type: research

Role of SHP2 protein tyrosine phosphatase in SERT inhibition by enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC)
Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC), one of the diarrheagenic E. coli pathotypes, is among the most important food-borne pathogens infecting children worldwide. Inhibition of serotonin transporter (SERT), which regulates extracellular availability of serotonin (5-HT), has been implicated previously in EPEC-associated diarrhea. EPEC was shown to inhibit SERT via activation of protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTPase), albeit the specific PTPase involved is not known. Current studies aimed to identify EPEC-activated PTPase and its role in SERT inhibition. Infection of Caco-2 monolayers with EPEC strain E2348/69 for 30 min i...
Source: AJP: Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology - May 4, 2017 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Singhal, M., Manzella, C., Soni, V., Alrefai, W. A., Saksena, S., Hecht, G. A., Dudeja, P. K., Gill, R. K. Tags: RESEARCH ARTICLE Source Type: research

MicroRNA-29a mediates the impairment of intestinal epithelial integrity induced by intrauterine growth restriction in pig
In conclusion, this study reveals that IUGR-impaired intestinal barrier function is associated with downregulated ECM and TJ protein expression mediated by the upregulation of miR-29a. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Intrauterine growth restricted (IUGR) remains a major problem for both human health and animal production due to its association with high rates of preweaning morbidity and mortality. We have identified the abnormal expression of microRNA-29a (miR-29a) in the small intestine of IUGR neonates, as well as its targets and mechanisms. These results provide new information about biological characteristics of IUGR-affected int...
Source: AJP: Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology - May 4, 2017 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Zhu, Y., Wang, W., Yuan, T., Fu, L., Zhou, L., Lin, G., Zhao, S., Zhou, H., Wu, G., Wang, J. Tags: RESEARCH ARTICLE Source Type: research

Mechanism of salutary effects of melatonin-mediated liver protection after trauma-hemorrhage: p38 MAPK-dependent iNOS/HIF-1{alpha} pathway
This study explored whether melatonin prevents liver injury after trauma-hemorrhage through the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-dependent, inducible nitrite oxide (iNOS)/hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α pathway. After a 5-cm midline laparotomy, male rats underwent hemorrhagic shock (mean blood pressure ~40 mmHg for 90 min) followed by fluid resuscitation. At the onset of resuscitation, rats were treated with vehicle, melatonin (2 mg/kg), melatonin plus p38 MAPK inhibitor SB203580 (2 mg/kg), or melatonin plus the melatonin receptor antagonist luzindole (2.5 mg/kg). At 2 h after trauma-hemorrhage, histopat...
Source: AJP: Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology - May 1, 2017 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Hsu, J.-T., Le, P.-H., Lin, C.-J., Chen, T.-H., Kuo, C.-J., Chiang, K.-C., Yeh, T.-S. Tags: RESEARCH ARTICLE Source Type: research

Emerging tools to study enteric neuromuscular function
Investigating enteric neuromuscular function poses specific challenges that are not encountered in other systems. The gut has a complex cellular composition, and methods to study diverse multicellular interactions during physiological gut functions have been limited. However, new technologies are emerging in optics, genetics, and bioengineering that greatly expand the capabilities to study integrative functions in the gut. In this mini-review, I discuss several areas where the application of these technologies could benefit ongoing efforts to understand enteric neuromuscular function. I specifically focus on technologies t...
Source: AJP: Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology - May 1, 2017 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Gulbransen, B. D. Tags: MINI-REVIEW Source Type: research