AJP: Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology This is an RSS file. You can use it to subscribe to this data in your favourite RSS reader or to display this data on your own website or blog.

Early settlers: which E. coli strains do you not want at birth?
The intestinal microbiota exerts vital biological processes throughout the human lifetime, and imbalances in its composition have been implicated in both health and disease status. Upon birth, the neonatal gut moves from a barely sterile to a massively colonized environment. The development of the intestinal microbiota during the first year of life is characterized by rapid and important changes in microbial composition, diversity, and magnitude. The pioneer bacteria colonizing the postnatal intestinal tract profoundly contribute to the establishment of the host-microbe symbiosis, which is essential for health throughout l...
Source: AJP: Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology - July 12, 2016 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Secher, T., Brehin, C., Oswald, E. Tags: MINI-REVIEW Source Type: research

Mucosal integrity and sensitivity to acid in the proximal esophagus in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease
Acid reflux episodes that extend to the proximal esophagus are more likely to be perceived. This suggests that the proximal esophagus is more sensitive to acid than the distal esophagus, which could be caused by impaired mucosal integrity in the proximal esophagus. Our aim was to explore sensitivity to acid and mucosal integrity in different segments of the esophagus. We used a prospective observational study, including 12 patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). After stopping acid secretion-inhibiting medication, two procedures were performed: an acid perfusion test and an upper endoscopy with electrical tis...
Source: AJP: Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology - June 30, 2016 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: van Hoeij, F. B., Weijenborg, P. W., van den Bergh Weerman, M. A., van den Wijngaard, R. M. J. G. J., Verheij, J., Smout, A. J. P. M., Bredenoord, A. J. Tags: NEUROGASTROENTEROLOGY AND MOTILITY Source Type: research

Cellular zinc is required for intestinal epithelial barrier maintenance via the regulation of claudin-3 and occludin expression
This study shows that intracellular zinc has an essential role in the maintenance of the intestinal epithelial TJ barrier through regulation of occludin proteolysis and claudin-3 transcription. (Source: AJP: Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology)
Source: AJP: Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology - June 30, 2016 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Miyoshi, Y., Tanabe, S., Suzuki, T. Tags: EPITHELIAL BIOLOGY AND SECRETION Source Type: research

Bile acids promote diethylnitrosamine-induced hepatocellular carcinoma via increased inflammatory signaling
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common hepatic malignancy and the third leading cause of cancer related deaths. Previous studies have implicated bile acids in pathogenesis of HCC, but the mechanisms are not known. We investigated the mechanisms of HCC tumor promotion by bile acids the diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-initiation-cholic acid (CA)-induced tumor promotion protocol in mice. The data show that 0.2% CA treatment resulted in threefold increase in number and size of DEN-induced liver tumors. All tumors observed in DEN-treated mice were well-differentiated HCCs. The HCCs observed in DEN-treated CA-fed mice exhibi...
Source: AJP: Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology - June 30, 2016 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Sun, L., Beggs, K., Borude, P., Edwards, G., Bhushan, B., Walesky, C., Roy, N., Manley, M. W., Gunewardena, S., O'Neil, M., Li, H., Apte, U. Tags: LIVER AND BILIARY TRACT PHYSIOLOGY/PATHOPHYSIOLOGY Source Type: research

A human model of restricted upper esophageal sphincter opening and its pharyngeal and UES deglutitive pressure phenomena
In conclusion, acute experimental restriction of UES opening by external cricoid pressure manifests the pressure characteristics of increased resistance to UES transsphincteric flow observed clinically without affecting the pharyngeal peristaltic contractile function. (Source: AJP: Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology)
Source: AJP: Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology - June 30, 2016 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Jiao, H., Mei, L., Sharma, T., Kern, M., Sanvanson, P., Shaker, R. Tags: TRANSLATIONAL PHYSIOLOGY Source Type: research

Loss of intestinal O-glycans promotes spontaneous duodenal tumors
In conclusion, these studies reveal O-glycans within the small intestine are critical determinants of duodenal cancer risk. Future studies will provide insights into the pathogenesis in the general population and those at risk for this rare but deadly cancer. (Source: AJP: Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology)
Source: AJP: Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology - June 30, 2016 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Gao, N., Bergstrom, K., Fu, J., Xie, B., Chen, W., Xia, L. Tags: CALL FOR PAPERS Source Type: research

Colonic macrophage polarization in homeostasis, inflammation, and cancer
Our review focuses on the colonic macrophage, a monocyte-derived, tissue-resident macrophage, and the role it plays in health and disease, specifically in inflammatory conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease and cancer of the colon and rectum. We give special emphasis to macrophage polarization, or phenotype, in these different states. We focus on macrophages because they are one of the most numerous leukocytes in the colon, and because they normally contribute to homeostasis through an anti-inflammatory phenotype. However, in conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease, proinflammatory macrophages are increased in...
Source: AJP: Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology - June 30, 2016 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Isidro, R. A., Appleyard, C. B. Tags: REVIEWS Source Type: research

Relationship between pancreatic hormones and glucose metabolism: A cross-sectional study in patients after acute pancreatitis
Abnormal glucose metabolism is present in almost 40% of patients after acute pancreatitis, but its pathophysiology has been poorly investigated. Pancreatic hormone derangements have been sparingly studied to date, and their relationship with abnormal glucose metabolism is largely unknown. The aim was to investigate the associations between pancreatic hormones and glucose metabolism after acute pancreatitis, including the effect of potential confounders. This was a cross-sectional study of 83 adult patients after acute pancreatitis. Fasting venous blood was collected from all patients and used for analysis of insulin, gluca...
Source: AJP: Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology - June 30, 2016 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Pendharkar, S. A., Asrani, V. M., Xiao, A. Y., Yoon, H. D., Murphy, R., Windsor, J. A., Petrov, M. S. Tags: HORMONES, NEUROTRANSMITTERS, GROWTH FACTORS, RECEPTORS, AND SIGNALING Source Type: research

Mechanisms of innate immune activation by gluten peptide p31-43 in mice
Celiac disease (CD) is an immune-mediated enteropathy triggered by gluten in genetically susceptible individuals. Innate immunity contributes to the pathogenesis of CD, but the mechanisms remain poorly understood. Although previous in vitro work suggests that gliadin peptide p31-43 acts as an innate immune trigger, the underlying pathways are unclear and have not been explored in vivo. Here we show that intraluminal delivery of p31-43 induces morphological changes in the small intestinal mucosa of normal mice consistent with those seen in CD, including increased cell death and expression of inflammatory mediators. The effe...
Source: AJP: Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology - June 30, 2016 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Araya, R. E., Gomez Castro, M. F., Carasi, P., McCarville, J. L., Jury, J., Mowat, A. M., Verdu, E. F., Chirdo, F. G. Tags: INFLAMMATION, IMMUNITY, AND INFECTION Source Type: research

Enhanced sympathetic nerve activity induced by neonatal colon inflammation induces gastric hypersensitivity and anxiety-like behavior in adult rats
Gastric hypersensitivity (GHS) and anxiety are prevalent in functional dyspepsia patients; their underlying mechanisms remain unknown largely because of lack of availability of live visceral tissues from human subjects. Recently, we demonstrated in a preclinical model that rats subjected to neonatal colon inflammation show increased basal plasma norepinephrine (NE), which contributes to GHS through the upregulation of nerve growth factor (NGF) expression in the gastric fundus. We tested the hypothesis that neonatal colon inflammation increases anxiety-like behavior and sympathetic nervous system activity, which upregulates...
Source: AJP: Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology - June 30, 2016 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Winston, J. H., Sarna, S. K. Tags: NEUROGASTROENTEROLOGY AND MOTILITY Source Type: research

Role of ion transporters in the bile acid-induced esophageal injury
Barrett's esophagus (BE) is considered to be the most severe complication of gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD), in which the prolonged, repetitive episodes of combined acidic and biliary reflux result in the replacement of the squamous esophageal lining by columnar epithelium. Therefore, the acid-extruding mechanisms of esophageal epithelial cells (EECs) may play an important role in the defense. Our aim was to identify the presence of acid/base transporters on EECs and to investigate the effect of bile acids on their expressions and functions. Human EEC lines (CP-A and CP-D) were acutely exposed to bile acid cocktai...
Source: AJP: Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology - June 30, 2016 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Laczko, D., Rosztoczy, A., Birkas, K., Katona, M., Rakonczay, Z., Tiszlavicz, L., Roka, R., Wittmann, T., Hegyi, P., Venglovecz, V. Tags: TRANSLATIONAL PHYSIOLOGY Source Type: research

Gastrointestinal and hepatic mechanisms limiting entry and dissemination of lipopolysaccharide into the systemic circulation
The human microbiota consists of 100 trillion microorganisms that provide important metabolic and biological functions benefiting the host. However, the presence in host plasma of a gut-derived bacteria component, the lipopolysaccharide (LPS), has been identified as a causal or complicating factor in multiple serious diseases such as sepsis and septic shock and, more recently, obesity-associated metabolic disorders. Understanding the precise mechanisms by which gut-derived LPS is transported from the gut lumen to the systemic circulation is crucial to advance our knowledge of LPS-associated diseases and elaborate targeted ...
Source: AJP: Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology - June 30, 2016 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Guerville, M., Boudry, G. Tags: REVIEWS Source Type: research

Reply: Epithelial alkalinity and hyperproliferation in the Cftr KO intestine
(Source: AJP: Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology)
Source: AJP: Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology - June 7, 2016 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Walker, N. M., Liu, J., Stein, S. R., Strubberg, A. M., Clarke, L. L. Tags: LETTERS TO THE EDITOR Source Type: research

CFTR and pHi regulation
(Source: AJP: Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology)
Source: AJP: Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology - June 7, 2016 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Akiba, Y., Kaunitz, J. D., Montrose, M. H. Tags: LETTERS TO THE EDITOR Source Type: research

Remifentanil alters sensory neuromodulation of swallowing in healthy volunteers: quantification by a novel pressure-impedance analysis
Exposure to remifentanil contributes to an increased risk of pulmonary aspiration, likely through reduced pharyngeal contractile vigor and diminished bolus propulsion during swallowing. We employed a novel high-resolution pressure-flow analysis to quantify the biomechanical changes across the upper esophageal sphincter (UES). Eleven healthy young (23.3 ± 3.1 yr old) participants (7 men and 4 women) received remifentanil via intravenous target-controlled infusion with an effect-site concentration of 3 ng/ml. Before and 30 min following commencement of remifentanil administration, participants performed ten 10-ml sali...
Source: AJP: Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology - June 7, 2016 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Doeltgen, S. H., Omari, T. I., Savilampi, J. Tags: NEUROGASTROENTEROLOGY AND MOTILITY Source Type: research