Vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty: Techniques, complications, and troubleshooting
Vertebral fractures are very common. The estimated annual incidence is 1.4 million cases worldwide—the most frequent underlying cause being osteoporosis. The first-line treatment for symptomatic Vertebral fractures is generally conservative and is based on analgesics, rest, orthesis, and rehabilitation. However, up to one-third of all patients fail to respond to such treatment and require surgery. In the last 20 years, 2 safe and effective minimally invasive procedures have been developed as an alternative to conservative management and open surgery: vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty. (Source: Techniques in Regional Anesthe...
Source: Techniques in Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management - January 1, 2014 Category: Anesthesiology Authors: Consuelo Nieto-Iglesias, Irene Andrés-Nieto, Enrique Peces-García, Gisela Roca-Amatria, Javier De Andrés Ares, Maria Luisa Franco-Gay, Maite Bovaira-Forner Source Type: research

Neuromodulation techniques, complications, and troubleshooting
Spinal cord stimulation has become one of the mainstays of chronic treatment for patients in pain units. It is a safe, effective, and reversible technique, although the rate of complications is approximately 30%-40%. The most common complication, despite technological breakthroughs and advances in equipment, continues to be electrode migration, which currently occurs in approximately 13% of cases. The most serious complication is related to neurologic problems after infections in the epidural space. (Source: Techniques in Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management)
Source: Techniques in Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management - January 1, 2014 Category: Anesthesiology Authors: David Abejón, S. Arango, I. Riquelme, J. Del Saz Source Type: research

Editorial Board
(Source: Techniques in Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management)
Source: Techniques in Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management - January 1, 2014 Category: Anesthesiology Source Type: research

Table of Contents
(Source: Techniques in Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management)
Source: Techniques in Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management - January 1, 2014 Category: Anesthesiology Source Type: research

The interdisciplinary management of complex regional pain syndrome
Complex regional pain syndrome is an ill-defined disorder typified by disproportional pain to the inciting insult in a variable setting of vasomotor and autonomic changes. The exact etiology remains unclear but likely involves augmented cytokine release affecting both peripheral and central nervous systems with concomitant psychosocial intricacies. Management of complex regional pain syndrome should encompass a systematic, interdisciplinary approach including physical and occupational therapy, psychological interventions, and oral analgesics. (Source: Techniques in Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management)
Source: Techniques in Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management - October 1, 2013 Category: Anesthesiology Authors: Frank Sahli, Forrest Monroe, Jared Staab, Smith Manion Source Type: research

Editorial Board
(Source: Techniques in Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management)
Source: Techniques in Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management - October 1, 2013 Category: Anesthesiology Source Type: research

Table of Contents
(Source: Techniques in Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management)
Source: Techniques in Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management - October 1, 2013 Category: Anesthesiology Source Type: research

Introduction
The renowned Spanish poet, Antonio Machado, once wrote, “walker there is no footpath but that built upon walking, […] and when looking back you can see the trail which will never be stepped on again.” These verses can summarize the circumstances that anesthesiologists and many other medical specialists have experienced since portable ultrasound devices have become instruments used in daily clinical practice. The effort and time spent on learning and handling ultrasound equipment has paid off significantly. (Source: Techniques in Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management)
Source: Techniques in Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management - July 1, 2013 Category: Anesthesiology Authors: Alejandro Ortega-Romero Source Type: research

Basic considerations before injections and scanning techniques
Portable and affordable high-resolution ultrasound (US) machines have accelerated the interest in the use of US guidance for interventional pain procedures. The advantages of ultrasonography over fluoroscopy are as follows: (1) no radiation exposure to both the patient (especially with repeated procedures) and the practitioner; (2) real-time visualization of soft tissues (nerves, muscles, tendons, and vessels); and (3) needle-tip advancement relevant to surrounding structures and local anesthetic spread. (Source: Techniques in Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management)
Source: Techniques in Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management - July 1, 2013 Category: Anesthesiology Authors: Paloma Morillas-Sendin, Alejandro Ortega-Romero, Concepción del-Olmo Source Type: research

Ultrasound-guided interventional procedures for cervical pain
Ultrasound is a particularly valuable imaging technique when performing nerve blocks at the cervical level. High-frequency probes provide high-quality resolution and are safe in skilled hands. Typically, interventions performed at the cervical level have been carried out with the help of x-rays, with the corresponding disadvantages such as the exposure to radiation and the inherent inability to observe radiotransparent structures such as blood vessels and nerves. Ultrasound allows us to visualize soft tissues and guide the tip of the needle to our target, without harming particularly delicate structures found in the path o...
Source: Techniques in Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management - July 1, 2013 Category: Anesthesiology Authors: Rafael Contreras, Alejandro Ortega-Romero Source Type: research

Ultrasound-guided pain interventions in shoulder region
Shoulder pain is one of the common complaints to physicians in general practice. Among therapeutic measures used to treat this pain, invasive techniques, such as joints and periarticular injection, as well as suprascapular and axillary nerve block, play a crucial role. Ultrasound guidance is a safe alternative to blind techniques, increasing the safety and accuracy of the procedure and reducing complications. A good understanding of the anatomy and sonoanatomy is of paramount importance in performing the ultrasound-guided injections. (Source: Techniques in Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management)
Source: Techniques in Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management - July 1, 2013 Category: Anesthesiology Authors: Concepcion del-Olmo, Pilar de-Diego, Paloma Morillas, Miguel Garcia-Navlet Source Type: research

Ultrasound-guided interventional procedures for lumbar pain
The possibility of performing the majority of the pain-control interventions in the lumbar spine without using fluoroscopy is a very promising alternative. A clear description of the most relevant sonoanatomy of the lumbar spine and the proposal for a systematic approach to perform principal lumbar spine blocks may help those that are beginning to use ultrasound and increase the interest of professionals that normally perform these blocks with x-rays. Therefore, the structures that are easily identifiable by ultrasound from the muscular blocks and the facet joints are first described. (Source: Techniques in Regional Anesth...
Source: Techniques in Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management - July 1, 2013 Category: Anesthesiology Authors: Alejandro Ortega-Romero, Tomás Domingo-Rufes, Concepción del-Olmo, Maryem-Fama Ismael, Víctor Mayoral Source Type: research

Ultrasound-guided pain interventions in the pelvis and the sacral spine
Ultrasound guidance of infiltrations in the management of chronic pain allows us to visualize in “real time” the advance of the needle and the diffusion of the analgesic agent in and around the pain-generating anatomical structures. It also enables us to avoid important structures, blood vessels, for example, located in the path of the puncture, thus, avoiding complications. The pelvic area has many pain-generating zones, including joints, muscles, and certain specific points, where nerve structures can be compressed. (Source: Techniques in Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management)
Source: Techniques in Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management - July 1, 2013 Category: Anesthesiology Authors: Tomàs Domingo-Rufes, David A. Bong, Víctor Mayoral, Alejandro Ortega-Romero, Maribel Miguel-Pérez, Antoni Sabaté Source Type: research

Ultrasound-guided pain interventions in the knee region
Most routine intra-articular and extra-articular knee infiltrations performed in pain management are carried out by means of blind techniques or fluoroscopy-guided techniques. Alternatively, ultrasound-guided techniques are a safer and more precise way to perform these procedures. An extensive knowledge of knee anatomy will help us to obtain high-quality real-time ultrasound images before performing any infiltrations. In the current article, we present how to systematically examine the knee sonoanatomy and also describe the ultrasound-guided interventional basis for knee joint pain management. (Source: Techniques in Region...
Source: Techniques in Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management - July 1, 2013 Category: Anesthesiology Authors: Domingo Manzano, Fernando Jimenez, Marc Blasi Source Type: research

Ultrasound-guided pain interventions in the hip region
To accomplish successful ultrasound-guided interventions for the management of pain in the hip region, a thorough understanding of the essential anatomy of the hip joint and adjacent structures is required. This is also the basis for the acquisition of high-quality dynamic real-time sonoanatomical images. This review article addresses the anatomy, sonoanatomy, and ultrasound-guided interventional approach to 3 key structures in this region—the intra-articular hip, the femoral nerve, and the obturator nerve—using important anatomical landmarks. (Source: Techniques in Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management)
Source: Techniques in Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management - July 1, 2013 Category: Anesthesiology Authors: Ingrid Möller, David Bong Source Type: research