Risk Analysis as Regulatory Science: Toward The Establishment of Standards
Understanding how to establish standards is essential for risk communication and also provides perspectives for further study. In this paper, the concept of risk analysis as regulatory science for the establishment of standards is demonstrated through examples of standards for evacuation and provisional regulation values in foods and drinking water. Moreover, academic needs for further studies related to standards are extracted. The concepts of the traditional ‘Standard I’, which has a paternalistic orientation, and ‘Standard II’, established through stakeholder consensus, are then systemized by int...
Source: Radiation Protection Dosimetry - September 23, 2016 Category: Radiology Authors: Murakami, M. Tags: Paper Source Type: research
Using the Grade Approach to Support the Development of Recommendations for Public Health Interventions in Radiation Emergencies
The World Health Organization (WHO) guideline development policy requires that WHO guidelines be developed in a manner that is transparent and based on all available evidences, which must be synthesised and formally assessed for quality. To fulfil this requirement, the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach of rating quality of evidence and grading strength of recommendations was applied when developing the WHO recommendations on public health interventions in radiation emergencies. The guideline development group (GDG) formulated 10 PICO (P: population; I: intervention; C: compa...
Source: Radiation Protection Dosimetry - September 23, 2016 Category: Radiology Authors: Carr, Z., Clarke, M., Akl, E. A., Schneider, R., Murith, C., Li, C., Parrish-Sprowl, J., Stenke, L., Cui-Ping, L., Bertrand, S., Miller, C. Tags: Paper Source Type: research
Capabilities for Clinical Management of Radiation Injuries of the Nikiforov Russian Center of Emergency and Radiation Medicine (EMERCOM of Russia)
This article presents an overview of the capabilities for clinical management of radiation injuries available at the Nikiforov Russian Center of Emergency and Radiation Medicine (NRCERM) of the Ministry of the Russian Federation for Civil Defense, Emergencies and Elimination of Consequences of Natural Disasters (EMERCOM). NRCERM is a federal state budgetary institution and the Russian Federation's head organization for providing medical assistance for persons overexposed to ionizing radiation, responders to radiation emergencies and people evacuated from radiation contaminated areas. As the WHO Collaborating Center for Tre...
Source: Radiation Protection Dosimetry - September 23, 2016 Category: Radiology Authors: Aleksanin, S. Tags: Paper Source Type: research
The Role of the Regional Centres for Radiation Protection in Radiation Emergency Preparedness in Germany
The structure and tasks of the German network of the Regional Centres for Radiation Protection established by the Institute of Radiation Protection and the network's role within the national emergency response system are being described. (Source: Radiation Protection Dosimetry)
Source: Radiation Protection Dosimetry - September 23, 2016 Category: Radiology Authors: Fehringer, F. Tags: Paper Source Type: research
Lessons Learnt from the Fukushima Accident--A Swedish Medical Preparedness Perspective
The triple disaster in March 2011 tragically and severely affected the Japanese society, in spite of its well-developed infrastructure and good access to resources. A multitude of Japanese and international reports have since described the chain of events and actions taken in connection with the earthquake, the tsunami and the power plant failure in Fukushima. In order to further evaluate Japanese experiences of the disaster, and to bring home ‘lessons-learnt’ of relevance for continued emergency preparedness planning, a group from the National Board of Health and Welfare and other Swedish agencies performed an...
Source: Radiation Protection Dosimetry - September 23, 2016 Category: Radiology Authors: Stenke, L., von Schreeb, J., Simonsson, M., Johansson, J., Postgard, P., Sigurdsson, S., Ljungquist, A., Lagergren Lindberg, M. Tags: Paper Source Type: research
Lessons from Chornobyl: Considerations for Strengthening Radiation Emergency Preparedness in Ukraine
The response to the accident at the Chornobyl Nuclear Power Plant was analyzed. Measures taken in the early and late period after the accident were considered, and achievements and mistakes were estimated. The legal framework for dose estimation and registration and treatment of radiation effects were described. Disseminating scientific information to the public is critical to preventing early and remote radiation effects. (Source: Radiation Protection Dosimetry)
Source: Radiation Protection Dosimetry - September 23, 2016 Category: Radiology Authors: Bazyka, D., Belyi, D., Chumak, A. Tags: Paper Source Type: research
Use of Clinical Decision Guidance as a New Public Health Tool for the Medical Management of Internal Contamination in Radiological Mass Casualty Scenarios
This review is a discussion of special issues associated with the medical and public health management of persons at risk of internal contamination from radionuclides, following various radiological mass-casualty scenarios, as well as definition, discussion and use of the Clinical Decision Guidance (CDG) in such scenarios. Specific medical countermeasures are available for reducing the internal radiation dose and the subsequent stochastic and deterministic risks to persons internally contaminated with radionuclides from nuclear power plant, fuel processing and nuclear weapon accidents/incidents. There is a public health ne...
Source: Radiation Protection Dosimetry - September 23, 2016 Category: Radiology Authors: Wiley, A. L. Tags: Paper Source Type: research
Development of a national emergency plan for medical diagnostics and therapy of deterministic effects after radiation accidents
The focus of nuclear emergency planning in Austria has been so far on mitigating effects of widespread contamination (e.g. after NPP accidents); however, these plans did not contain provisions on the medical management of an acute radiation syndrome. To close this gap, a ‘Medical Radiation Emergency Plan’ was created in 2009 and 2011. This paper describes the development of this plan (including the selection of consulted guidance) as well as its structure and main propositions and closes with an outlook on probable enhancements for the second edition. (Source: Radiation Protection Dosimetry)
Source: Radiation Protection Dosimetry - September 23, 2016 Category: Radiology Authors: Ziegler, A. Tags: Paper Source Type: research
Local Radiolesion in X-Ray Inspection Specialists
As a result of some deviations in the installation of the X-ray inspection plant ‘Extravolt-225/1600’ two workers of an X-ray inspection laboratory were exposed to the radiation in a dose enough to cause an acute local radiolesions (LRs). The first patient was diagnosed with an acute LR of the hands of severe and extremely severe degree. The second patient was diagnosed with a mild LR of her right hand. The first patient received a surgical treatment followed by subcutaneous introduction of the autologous mesenchymal stem cells. The second patient received only conservative treatment. The complete epithelizatio...
Source: Radiation Protection Dosimetry - September 23, 2016 Category: Radiology Authors: Samoylov, A. S., Bushmanov, A. Y., Galstyan, I. A., Nadezhina, N. A., Pantelkin, V. P., Aksenenko, A. V., Tsovyanov, A. G., Gantsovsky, P. P. Tags: Paper Source Type: research
Normal tissue reactions to chronic radiation exposure in man
This paper presents an overview of radiobiological dependences governing the occurrence of tissue (organ) reactions that determine the outcomes of chronic exposure to low-LET ionizing radiation (IR) in humans. The mechanisms involved in the development of tissue reactions (TRs) to long-term exposures to IR and radioadaptation are considered. The overview describes the reactions of the haematopoietic, immune, nervous, reproductive and endocrine systems, lungs, skin and crystalline lens to chronic radiation exposure, which are of fundamental importance in view of radiation protection. It is shown that the individual's physio...
Source: Radiation Protection Dosimetry - September 23, 2016 Category: Radiology Authors: Akleyev, A. V. Tags: Paper Source Type: research
Use of Human Cadaveric Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Cell Therapy of a Chronic Radiation-Induced Skin Lesion: A Case Report
Acute and late radiation-induced injury on skin and subcutaneous tissues are associated with substantial morbidity in radiation therapy, interventional procedures and also are of concern in the context of nuclear or radiological accidents. Pathogenesis is initiated by depletion of acutely responding epithelial tissues and damage to vascular endothelial microvessels. Efforts for medical management of severe radiation-induced lesions have been made. Nevertheless, the development of strategies to promote wound healing, including stem cell therapy, is required. From 1997 to 2014, over 248 patients were referred to the Radiopat...
Source: Radiation Protection Dosimetry - September 23, 2016 Category: Radiology Authors: Portas, M., Mansilla, E., Drago, H., Dubner, D., Radl, A., Coppola, A., Di Giorgio, M. Tags: Paper Source Type: research
United states department of health and human services biodosimetry and radiological/nuclear medical countermeasure programs
The United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) is fully committed to the development of medical countermeasures to address national security threats from chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear agents. Through the Public Health Emergency Medical Countermeasures Enterprise, HHS has launched and managed a multi-agency, comprehensive effort to develop and operationalize medical countermeasures. Within HHS, development of medical countermeasures includes the National Institutes of Health (NIH), (led by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases), the Office of the Assistant Secretary of ...
Source: Radiation Protection Dosimetry - September 23, 2016 Category: Radiology Authors: Homer, M. J., Raulli, R., DiCarlo-Cohen, A. L., Esker, J., Hrdina, C., Maidment, B. W., Moyer, B., Rios, C., Macchiarini, F., Prasanna, P. G., Wathen, L. Tags: Paper Source Type: research
Managing Internal Radiation Contamination Following an Emergency: Identification of Gaps and Priorities
Following a radiological or nuclear emergency, first responders and the public may become internally contaminated with radioactive materials, as demonstrated during the Goiânia, Chernobyl and Fukushima accidents. Timely monitoring of the affected populations for potential internal contamination, assessment of radiation dose and the provision of necessary medical treatment are required to minimize the health risks from the contamination. This paper summarizes the guidelines and tools that have been developed, and identifies the gaps and priorities for future projects. (Source: Radiation Protection Dosimetry)
Source: Radiation Protection Dosimetry - September 23, 2016 Category: Radiology Authors: Li, C., Ansari, A., Etherington, G., Jourdain, J.-R., Kukhta, B., Kurihara, O., Lopez, M. A., Menetrier, F., Alves dos Reis, A., Solomon, S., Zhang, J., Carr, Z. Tags: Paper Source Type: research
A monte carlo study of simulated measurements of radionuclides in bone
This study reports the simulated counting efficiencies for three counting geometries, the skull, knee and shin, using 13 different voxel phantoms. It shows that the range of counting efficiencies for a given geometry is large for the studied phantoms, especially at low energies. Skull counting offers higher efficiency for low energies such as the 17 keV compared to knee counting or shin counting, but this advantage disappears when the energy is higher such as at 185 keV. This work also shows that the calibration phantom may greatly impact the accuracy of the activity estimate in bone counting, with uncertainties increasing...
Source: Radiation Protection Dosimetry - September 23, 2016 Category: Radiology Authors: Li, C., Capello, K., Hauck, B., Zankl, M., Kramer, G. Tags: Paper Source Type: research
Reneb - the romanian perspective
The European Commission supports the development of an European network in biodosimetry (RENEB), in which a large number of experienced laboratories from 16 European countries are involved. The final goal will be the significant improvement of the biodosimetry capacity for response to accidents and radiological emergencies, based on a well-organized cooperative action with a rapid and rigorous dose assessment. The project is aimed at consolidating the network with its operational platform, inter-comparison exercises, training activities, proceedings in quality assurance and implementation and integration of new networ...
Source: Radiation Protection Dosimetry - September 23, 2016 Category: Radiology Authors: Cucu, M. A., Popescu, I. A. Tags: Paper Source Type: research
