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Exosomes: novel regulators of bone remodelling and potential therapeutic agents for orthodontics
Abstract Recent studies suggest that exosomes are involved in intercellular communication required for the maintenance of healthy bone. Exosomes are small (30–150 nm in diameter) extracellular vesicles that are formed in multivesicular bodies and are released from cells as the multivesicular bodies fuse with the plasma membrane. Regulatory exosomes have the capacity to exert profound control over target cells. They can stimulate plasma membrane receptors and are also internalized by the target cell delivering proteins, lipids, small molecules and functional RNAs from the cell of origin. We and others have recently repor...
Source: Orthodontics and Craniofacial Research - June 23, 2017 Category: Dentistry Authors: L. S. Holliday, K. P. McHugh, J. Zuo, J. I. Aguirre, J. K. Neubert, W. J. Rody Tags: REVIEW ARTICLE Source Type: research

The use of cell culture platforms to identify novel markers of bone and dentin resorption
ConclusionOur data suggest that the mineralized matrix type plays a role in the final phenotypic characteristics of mouse clastic cells. Many in vitro biomarker candidates of bone and dentin resorption can also be found in human oral fluids, thus indicating that this approach may be a viable alternative in biomarker discovery. (Source: Orthodontics and Craniofacial Research)
Source: Orthodontics and Craniofacial Research - June 23, 2017 Category: Dentistry Authors: W. J. Rody, O. Krokhin, V. Spicer, C. A. Chamberlain, M. Chamberlain, K. P. McHugh, S. M. Wallet, A. K. Emory, J. D. Crull, L. S. Holliday Tags: ORIGINAL ARTICLE Source Type: research

Oncologic doses of zoledronic acid induce site specific suppression of bone modelling in rice rats
ConclusionZOL severely suppresses coupled remodelling in the tibia, and the suppression of bone formation in the modelling mode in the jaws demonstrates the site specific effects of ZOL in rice rats. (Source: Orthodontics and Craniofacial Research)
Source: Orthodontics and Craniofacial Research - June 23, 2017 Category: Dentistry Authors: C. R. Exposto, U. Oz, J. S. Callard, M. J. Allen, H. Khurana, A. D ’ Atri, X. Mo, S. A. Fernandez, D. N. Tatakis, K. Edmonds, P. M. Westgate, S. S. Huja Tags: ORIGINAL ARTICLE Source Type: research

Effect of exogenous retinoic acid on tooth movement and periodontium healing following tooth extraction in a rat model
ConclusionThe isotretinoin did not affect the OTM nor did it cause an alteration in maxillary bone volume. This exogenous acid may contribute to the acceleration of gingival healing. (Source: Orthodontics and Craniofacial Research)
Source: Orthodontics and Craniofacial Research - June 23, 2017 Category: Dentistry Authors: C. Nishio, P. Rompr é, F. Moldovan Tags: ORIGINAL ARTICLE Source Type: research

Resolving differences between animal models for expedited orthodontic tooth movement
ConclusionsUnderstanding the differences between animal models and their adaptation biology as it relates to OTM is key to make valid conclusions. The rodent model can be used to understand the initial phases of tooth movement. Unlike the dog model, the rodent model does not lend itself to understand prolonged adaptation in response to bodily tooth movement. Extrapolation of rate of tooth movement to humans is more challenging from rodent model data. (Source: Orthodontics and Craniofacial Research)
Source: Orthodontics and Craniofacial Research - June 23, 2017 Category: Dentistry Authors: A. Y. Ibrahim, S. Gudhimella, S. N. Pandruvada, S. S. Huja Tags: ORIGINAL ARTICLE Source Type: research

Effect of cyclical forces on orthodontic tooth movement, from  animals to humans
Abstract Vibration as a non‐invasive method is currently available for clinical use with the potential to accelerate the rate of tooth movement in orthodontics. The aim of this review was to evaluate the basic science and clinical literature on the effects of vibration on the axial and appendicular skeleton including the craniofacial bone. Vibration as a dynamic load consisting of high oscillatory forces of low magnitude has shown osteogenic and anti‐catabolic effects on bone. These effects have been observed in the craniofacial skeleton including the alveolar bone as increases in sutural width and alveolar bone format...
Source: Orthodontics and Craniofacial Research - June 23, 2017 Category: Dentistry Authors: F. Uribe, E. Dutra, T. Chandhoke Tags: REVIEW ARTICLE Source Type: research

Speed of human tooth movement in growers and non ‐growers: Selection of applied stress matters
ConclusionsStress magnitude and growth status significantly affected the speed of tooth translation. Optimal applied stresses were 26‐52 kPa, and overall speeds were 1.5‐fold faster in G compared to NG subjects. (Source: Orthodontics and Craniofacial Research)
Source: Orthodontics and Craniofacial Research - June 23, 2017 Category: Dentistry Authors: L. R. Iwasaki, Y. Liu, H. Liu, J. C. Nickel Tags: ORIGINAL ARTICLE Source Type: research

In silico and functional evaluation of PTH1R mutations found in patients with primary failure of eruption (PFE)
ConclusionPTH1R mutations identified in PFE likely result from diminished function due to truncation of the protein, lack of efficient G‐protein interactions and putatively attenuated signal transduction. By identifying the mode of protein dysfunction, scientist‐clinicians are better prepared to recognize and thereby develop improved methods of treatment, starting at the molecular level. (Source: Orthodontics and Craniofacial Research)
Source: Orthodontics and Craniofacial Research - June 23, 2017 Category: Dentistry Authors: H. M. Hendricks, S. Bencharit, W. Seaman, S. A. Frazier ‐Bowers Tags: ORIGINAL ARTICLE Source Type: research

Whole ‐exome sequencing identified a variant in EFTUD2 gene in establishing a genetic diagnosis
ConclusionPatients with facial asymmetry, micrognathia, choanal atresia and microcephaly should be analyzed for variants in EFTUD2 gene. Next‐generation sequencing techniques, such as whole‐exome sequencing offer great promise to improve the understanding of etiologies of sporadic genetic diseases. (Source: Orthodontics and Craniofacial Research)
Source: Orthodontics and Craniofacial Research - June 23, 2017 Category: Dentistry Authors: S. Rengasamy Venugopalan, E. G. Farrow, M. Lypka Tags: ORIGINAL ARTICLE Source Type: research

Diverse contribution of Col2a1 ‐expressing cells to the craniofacial skeletal cell lineages
ConclusionsCol2a1 is expressed by progenitors of the skeletal lineage in canonical endochondral bone formation occurring in the cranial base. In contrast, other ossification mechanisms of the craniofacial complex utilize Col2a1‐expressing cells in a different manner, whereby Col2a1 may be expressed in more differentiated or transient cell types of the skeletal lineage. (Source: Orthodontics and Craniofacial Research)
Source: Orthodontics and Craniofacial Research - June 23, 2017 Category: Dentistry Authors: N. Sakagami, W. Ono, N. Ono Tags: ORIGINAL ARTICLE Source Type: research

The fate of Osterix ‐expressing mesenchymal cells in dental root formation and maintenance
ConclusionOsx‐expressing cells play important roles in the entire processes of tooth root formation; their progeny continue to contribute to maintenance of tooth root even after root formation is complete. (Source: Orthodontics and Craniofacial Research)
Source: Orthodontics and Craniofacial Research - June 23, 2017 Category: Dentistry Authors: A. Takahashi, N. Ono, W. Ono Tags: ORIGINAL ARTICLE Source Type: research

A review of craniofacial and dental findings of the RASopathies
ConclusionsCareful description of craniofacial and dental features of the RASopathies can provide information for dental clinicians treating these individuals and can also give insight into the role of Ras signalling in craniofacial development. (Source: Orthodontics and Craniofacial Research)
Source: Orthodontics and Craniofacial Research - June 23, 2017 Category: Dentistry Authors: H. Cao, N. Alrejaye, O. D. Klein, A. F. Goodwin, S. Oberoi Tags: REVIEW ARTICLE Source Type: research

Calvarial bone development and suture closure in Dicer ‐deficient mice
ConclusionsThe results suggest mature miRNAs are important for suture closure and calvarial morphology during calvaria development. (Source: Orthodontics and Craniofacial Research)
Source: Orthodontics and Craniofacial Research - June 23, 2017 Category: Dentistry Authors: P. Atsawasuwan, M. Ouibaidin, B. Dalal, H. Khan, A. Mohammed Tags: ORIGINAL ARTICLE Source Type: research

Mouse models for the study of cranial base growth and anomalies
The objectives of this review are to summarize recent findings from numerous mouse models that display growth defects in one or more cranial base synchondroses, with accompanying changes in chondrocyte cellular zones. Many of these models also display altered growth of the cranial vault and/or the facial region. FGFR, PTHrP, Ihh, BMP and Wnt/β‐catenin, as well as components of primary cilia, are the major genes and signalling pathways identified in cranial base synchondroses. Together, these models are helping to uncover specific genetic influences and signalling pathways operational at the cranial base synchondroses. M...
Source: Orthodontics and Craniofacial Research - June 23, 2017 Category: Dentistry Authors: S. R. Vora Tags: REVIEW ARTICLE Source Type: research

Analysis of polycaprolactone scaffolds fabricated via precision extrusion deposition for control of craniofacial tissue mineralization
ConclusionResults of this study indicate that this novel printing technology can be used to fabricate 3D scaffolds to promote and inhibit tissue mineralization in a region‐specific manner. Future studies are needed to establish utility of such scaffolds in vivo. (Source: Orthodontics and Craniofacial Research)
Source: Orthodontics and Craniofacial Research - June 23, 2017 Category: Dentistry Authors: C. W. Fedore, L. Y. L. Tse, H. K. Nam, K. L. Barton, N. E. Hatch Tags: ORIGINAL ARTICLE Source Type: research