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The use of simulation as a novel experiential learning module in undergraduate science pathophysiology education
In this study, we report a new approach using clinical simulation within a Human Pathophysiology course to enable undergraduate science students to see "pathophysiology in action" in a clinical setting. Students role played health professionals, and, in these roles, they were able to interact with each other and the manikin "patient," take a medical history, perform a physical examination and consider relevant treatments. Evaluation of students' experiences suggests that using clinical simulation to deliver case studies is more effective than traditional paper-based case studies by encouraging active learning and improving...
Source: AJP: Advances in Physiology Education - July 20, 2016 Category: Universities & Medical Training Authors: Chen, H., Kelly, M., Hayes, C., van Reyk, D., Herok, G. Tags: HOW WE TEACH: CLASSROOM AND LABORATORY RESEARCH PROJECTS Source Type: research

The benefit of self-testing and interleaving for synthesizing concepts across multiple physiology texts
A testing-based learning strategy is one that relies on the act of recalling (i.e., testing) information after exposure, and interleaving is a strategy in which the learning materials are presented in a serial order (e.g., texts 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3) versus a blocked order (e.g., texts 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3). Although both learning strategies have been thoroughly investigated, few studies have examined their additive effect with higher-order cognitive tasks such as the ability to identify themes across multiple texts, and none of those did so using physiology information. The purpose of the present study was to co...
Source: AJP: Advances in Physiology Education - July 20, 2016 Category: Universities & Medical Training Authors: Linderholm, T., Dobson, J., Yarbrough, M. B. Tags: HOW WE TEACH: GENERALIZABLE EDUCATION RESEARCH Source Type: research

Student exam analysis (debriefing) promotes positive changes in exam preparation and learning
Traditional exam review sessions, typically conducted orally and in class by the instructor, are intended to identify the most frequently missed or problematic question with the intent of helping students perform better on subsequent exams. The shortcoming of this instructor-led activity is that it tends to focus on issues with content or understanding rather than helping the individual student prevent or avoid similar mistakes on future exams. Here, we report that students who performed a more comprehensive out-of-class exam debrief after the first exam significantly improve their exam performance compared with students t...
Source: AJP: Advances in Physiology Education - July 20, 2016 Category: Universities & Medical Training Authors: Favero, T. G., Hendricks, N. Tags: HOW WE TEACH: GENERALIZABLE EDUCATION RESEARCH Source Type: research

The prevalence of exercise prescription-related course offerings in United States pharmacy school curricula: Exercise is Medicine
Exercise training has proven to be beneficial in the prevention of disease. In addition, exercise can improve the pathogenesis and symptoms associated with a variety of chronic disease states and can attenuate drug-induced adverse effects. Exercise is a drug-free polypill. Because the benefits of exercise are clear and profound, Exercise is Medicine, a joint initiative between the American Medical Association and American College of Sports Medicine, was launched in 2007 to call on all health care providers to counsel patients and prescribe exercise in the prevention and treatment of chronic disease states. Pharmacists play...
Source: AJP: Advances in Physiology Education - July 20, 2016 Category: Universities & Medical Training Authors: Dirks-Naylor, A. J., Griffiths, C. L., Gibson, J. L., Luu, J. A. Tags: HOW WE TEACH: GENERALIZABLE EDUCATION RESEARCH Source Type: research

Students' motivation toward laboratory work in physiology teaching
The laboratory has been given a central role in physiology education, and teachers report that it is motivating for students to undertake experimental work on live animals or measuring physiological responses on the students themselves. Since motivation is a critical variable for academic learning and achievement, then we must concern ourselves with questions that examine how students engage in laboratory work and persist at such activities. The purpose of the present study was to investigate how laboratory work influences student motivation in physiology. We administered the Lab Motivation Scale to assess our students' le...
Source: AJP: Advances in Physiology Education - July 20, 2016 Category: Universities & Medical Training Authors: Dohn, N. B., Fago, A., Overgaard, J., Madsen, P. T., Malte, H. Tags: HOW WE TEACH: GENERALIZABLE EDUCATION RESEARCH Source Type: research

Application of a utility analysis to evaluate a novel assessment tool for clinically oriented physiology and pharmacology
Multiple-choice questions are a gold-standard tool in medical school for assessment of knowledge and are the mainstay of licensing examinations. However, multiple-choice questions items can be criticized for lacking the ability to test higher-order learning or integrative thinking across multiple disciplines. Our objective was to develop a novel assessment that would address understanding of pathophysiology and pharmacology, evaluate learning at the levels of application, evaluation and synthesis, and allow students to demonstrate clinical reasoning. The rubric assesses student writeups of clinical case problems. The metho...
Source: AJP: Advances in Physiology Education - July 20, 2016 Category: Universities & Medical Training Authors: Cramer, N., Asmar, A., Gorman, L., Gros, B., Harris, D., Howard, T., Hussain, M., Salazar, S., Kibble, J. D. Tags: HOW WE TEACH: GENERALIZABLE EDUCATION RESEARCH Source Type: research

Peer-assisted learning: filling the gaps in basic science education for preclinical medical students
In conclusion, this study shows that senior medical students can design and deliver a program that adds value to the mostly lecture-based formal preclinical curriculum. We hope that our study can prompt further work to explore the effect of PAL on the teaching of basic sciences during preclinical studies. (Source: AJP: Advances in Physiology Education)
Source: AJP: Advances in Physiology Education - July 20, 2016 Category: Universities & Medical Training Authors: Sammaraiee, Y., Mistry, R. D., Lim, J., Wittner, L., Deepak, S., Lim, G. Tags: HOW WE TEACH: GENERALIZABLE EDUCATION RESEARCH Source Type: research

Central neural control of the cardiovascular system: current perspectives
This brief review, which is based on a lecture presented at the American Physiological Society Teaching Refresher Course on the Brain and Systems Control as part of the Experimental Biology meeting in 2015, aims to summarize current concepts of the principal mechanisms in the brain that regulate the autonomic outflow to the cardiovascular system. Such cardiovascular regulatory mechanisms do not operate in isolation but are closely coordinated with respiratory and other regulatory mechanisms to maintain homeostasis. The brain regulates the cardiovascular system by two general means: 1) feedforward regulation, often referred...
Source: AJP: Advances in Physiology Education - July 20, 2016 Category: Universities & Medical Training Authors: Dampney, R. A. L. Tags: REFRESHER COURSE Source Type: research

An evolution in student-centered teaching
The American Physiological Society (APS) Teaching Section annually honors an educator through its Claude Bernard Distinguished Lecture at the Experimental Biology meeting. Since I knew about my selection for almost a year, I had a long time to think about what I wanted to say and how I wanted to say it. The theme of my presentation was "nothing in education makes sense except in the light of student learning." My presentation began with a video of my "And, But, Therefore" description of my educational scholarship (see Randy Olson Great Challenges Day at TEDMED 2013, Ref. 10). "Physiology is the basic foundation of all the ...
Source: AJP: Advances in Physiology Education - July 20, 2016 Category: Universities & Medical Training Authors: Goodman, B. E. Tags: CLAUDE BERNARD DISTINGUISHED LECTURE Source Type: research

Comprehensive Physiology: a tool for advanced education in physiology
(Source: AJP: Advances in Physiology Education)
Source: AJP: Advances in Physiology Education - July 20, 2016 Category: Universities & Medical Training Authors: Pollock, D. M. Tags: EDITORIALS Source Type: research

An instructional design process based on expert knowledge for teaching students how mechanisms are explained
In biology and physiology courses, students face many difficulties when learning to explain mechanisms, a topic that is demanding due to the immense complexity and abstract nature of molecular and cellular mechanisms. To overcome these difficulties, we asked the following question: how does an instructor transform their understanding of biological mechanisms and other difficult-to-learn topics so that students can comprehend them? To address this question, we first reviewed a model of the components used by biologists to explain molecular and cellular mechanisms: the MACH model, with the components of methods (M), analogie...
Source: AJP: Advances in Physiology Education - May 25, 2016 Category: Universities & Medical Training Authors: Trujillo, C. M., Anderson, T. R., Pelaez, N. J. Tags: HOW WE TEACH: CLASSROOM AND LABORATORY RESEARCH PROJECTS Source Type: research

Apoptosis as the focus of an authentic research experience in a cell physiology laboratory
This article describes a multiweek laboratory project for an upper-division undergraduate cell physiology laboratory using apoptosis via the mitochondrial pathway as the overarching theme. Students did literature research on apoptotic agents that acted via the mitochondrial pathway. Compounds ranged from natural products such as curcumin to synthetic compounds such as etoposide. Groups of two to three students planned a series of experiments using one of three cultured cell lines that required them to 1) learn to culture cells; 2) determine treatment conditions, including apoptotic agent solubility and concentration ranges...
Source: AJP: Advances in Physiology Education - May 25, 2016 Category: Universities & Medical Training Authors: Byrd, S. K. Tags: HOW WE TEACH: CLASSROOM AND LABORATORY RESEARCH PROJECTS Source Type: research

Brazilian actions to promote physiology learning and teaching in secondary and high schools
Members of the Education Committee of the Brazilian Society of Physiology have developed multiple outreach models to improve the appreciation of science and physiology at the precollege level. The members of this committee act in concert with important Brazilian governmental strategies to promote training of undergraduate students in the teaching environment of secondary and high schools. One of these governmental strategies, the Programa Institucional de Bolsas de Iniciacão à Docência, a Brazilian public policy of teaching enhancement implemented by the Coordenacão de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal ...
Source: AJP: Advances in Physiology Education - May 25, 2016 Category: Universities & Medical Training Authors: Mello-Carpes, P. B., Granjeiro, E. M., Montrezor, L. H., Rocha, M. J. A. Tags: HOW WE TEACH: GENERALIZABLE EDUCATION RESEARCH Source Type: research

Explorations in statistics: statistical facets of reproducibility
Learning about statistics is a lot like learning about science: the learning is more meaningful if you can actively explore. This eleventh installment of Explorations in Statistics explores statistical facets of reproducibility. If we obtain an experimental result that is scientifically meaningful and statistically unusual, we would like to know that our result reflects a general biological phenomenon that another researcher could reproduce if (s)he repeated our experiment. But more often than not, we may learn this researcher cannot replicate our result. The National Institutes of Health and the Federation of American Soc...
Source: AJP: Advances in Physiology Education - May 25, 2016 Category: Universities & Medical Training Authors: Curran-Everett, D. Tags: STAYING CURRENT Source Type: research

Ultrasound-based lectures on cardiovascular physiology and reflexes for medical students
In conclusion, as ultrasound has been found to be a valuable resource for the teaching of physiology of the cardiovascular system and cardiovascular reflexes, efforts should be made to integrate ultrasound sessions into the traditional human physiology curriculum. (Source: AJP: Advances in Physiology Education)
Source: AJP: Advances in Physiology Education - May 8, 2016 Category: Universities & Medical Training Authors: Paganini, M., Rubini, A. Tags: HOW WE TEACH: CLASSROOM AND LABORATORY RESEARCH PROJECTS Source Type: research