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Diagnostic yield and safety of sputum induction with nebulized racemic salbutamol versus hypertonic saline in smear-negative pulmonary tuberculosis
Conclusions: SI by nebulized racemic salbutamol solution offers equal benefits to 3% NaCl solution in increasing both sputum quantity and diagnostic yield in smear-negative patients suspected of having pulmonary TB. Nebulized racemic salbutamol does not produce bronchospasm and chest tightness occurs less frequently than with 3% NaCl. Therefore, SI with nebulized racemic salbutamol solution should be considered as a good alternative noninvasive diagnostic tool for the diagnosis of pulmonary TB when hypertonic saline is unavailable or contraindicated. (Source: Therapeutic Advances in Respiratory Disease)
Source: Therapeutic Advances in Respiratory Disease - September 24, 2015 Category: Respiratory Medicine Authors: Keeratichananont, W., Nilmoje, T., Keeratichananont, S., Rittatorn, J. Tags: Original Research Source Type: research

Narrow-band imaging bronchoscopy in the detection of premalignant airway lesions: a meta-analysis of diagnostic test accuracy
Conclusions: Our findings indicate that in the evaluation of premalignant airway lesions, narrow-band imaging has a higher sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic odds ratios compared with autofluorescence imaging bronchoscopy. However, combining autofluorescence imaging bronchoscopy and narrow-band imaging does not significantly improve test performance characteristics. (Source: Therapeutic Advances in Respiratory Disease)
Source: Therapeutic Advances in Respiratory Disease - September 24, 2015 Category: Respiratory Medicine Authors: Iftikhar, I. H., Musani, A. I. Tags: Original Research Source Type: research

Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator biomarkers in 'real life': can we evaluate individual efficacy of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator therapy?
(Source: Therapeutic Advances in Respiratory Disease)
Source: Therapeutic Advances in Respiratory Disease - July 14, 2015 Category: Respiratory Medicine Authors: van Koningsbruggen-Rietschel, S., Naehrlich, L. Tags: Letter to the Editor Source Type: research

The role of the NLRP3 inflammasome in pulmonary diseases
This article summarizes recent research on the inflammasome and reviews proposed molecular models of the role of the inflammasome in several prominent lung diseases and injuries. (Source: Therapeutic Advances in Respiratory Disease)
Source: Therapeutic Advances in Respiratory Disease - July 14, 2015 Category: Respiratory Medicine Authors: Hosseinian, N., Cho, Y., Lockey, R. F., Kolliputi, N. Tags: Reviews Source Type: research

Emerging therapies for the prevention of acute respiratory distress syndrome
We present our personal review aimed at outlining current and future directions for the pharmacological prevention of ARDS. Several available risk-stratification or prediction score strategies for identification of patients at risk of ARDS have been reported. Although not ready for clinical everyday use, they are and will be instrumental in the ongoing and future trials of pharmacoprevention of ARDS. Several systemic medications established the potential role in ARDS prevention based on the preclinical studies and observational data. Due to potential for systemic adverse effects to neutralize any pharmacological benefits o...
Source: Therapeutic Advances in Respiratory Disease - July 14, 2015 Category: Respiratory Medicine Authors: Ruthman, C. A., Festic, E. Tags: Reviews Source Type: research

Nintedanib in non-small cell lung cancer: from preclinical to approval
Angiogenesis is a driving force of a tumor’s development. Targeting this process is an attractive option, as this is a feature shared by most of the solid tumors. A lot of antiangiogenic drugs have been developed following this path, including bevacizumab, sorafenib, sunitinib, vandetanib, ramucirumab, motesanib and many others. The latest drug of this class to be approved for patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) was nintedanib, a triple angiokinase inhibitor. This molecule targets vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) pathways,...
Source: Therapeutic Advances in Respiratory Disease - July 14, 2015 Category: Respiratory Medicine Authors: Caglevic, C., Grassi, M., Raez, L., Listi, A., Giallombardo, M., Bustamante, E., Gil-Bazo, I., Rolfo, C. Tags: Reviews Source Type: research

Experience with erlotinib in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains the leading cause of cancer-related deaths. In the last decade, the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signalling pathway has emerged as one of the most important molecular aberrations, representing an attractive therapeutic target in NSCLC. Drugs interfering with the tyrosine kinase domain of the EGFR (EGFR TKIs), such as erlotinib and gefitinib, have demonstrated efficacy in patients with advanced NSCLC irrespective of therapy line and particularly in patients harbouring activating mutations in the EGFR gene (EGFR mut+ ). Results of large phase III randomized tria...
Source: Therapeutic Advances in Respiratory Disease - July 14, 2015 Category: Respiratory Medicine Authors: Landi, L., Cappuzzo, F. Tags: Reviews Source Type: research

Evidence for the efficacy and safety of anti-interleukin-5 treatment in the management of refractory eosinophilic asthma
Two recent phase III trials in patients with severe eosinophilic asthma have shown that anti-interleukin 5 (IL-5) therapy with mepolizumab reduces the frequency of asthma attacks, improves symptoms and allows patients to reduce oral glucocorticoid use without loss of control of asthma. An earlier large 616 patient Dose Ranging Efficacy And safety with Mepolizumab in severe asthma (DREAM) study had shown that the only variables associated with treatment efficacy were a prior history of asthma attacks and the peripheral blood eosinophil count. The link between blood eosinophil counts and treatment efficacy is biologically ob...
Source: Therapeutic Advances in Respiratory Disease - July 14, 2015 Category: Respiratory Medicine Authors: Hilvering, B., Xue, L., Pavord, I. D. Tags: Reviews Source Type: research

Nintedanib in the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive and ultimately fatal lung disease that occurs in older adults. The clinical course of IPF is variable and hard to predict in an individual patient. Nintedanib is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor that has recently been approved in the US and European Union for the treatment of IPF. Preclinical studies have shown that nintedanib interferes with processes active in fibrosis such as fibroblast proliferation, migration and differentiation and the secretion of extracellular matrix. The safety and efficacy of nintedanib have been investigated in the phase II TOMORROW trial and in tw...
Source: Therapeutic Advances in Respiratory Disease - May 19, 2015 Category: Respiratory Medicine Authors: Mazzei, M. E., Richeldi, L., Collard, H. R. Tags: Reviews Source Type: research

Targeting the immune system to treat lung cancer: rationale and clinical experience
The use of immunotherapy that harnesses and enhances the innate powers of the immune system to fight cancer cells represents the most promising new cancer treatment approach since the development of the first chemotherapies and, more recently, targeted therapies. Unexpectedly, lung cancer has recently emerged as an exciting new target for immune-based therapies. Several approaches to immunotherapy for lung cancer have shown promise in early clinical trials and in late-phase development. The most advanced strategies can be split into two main categories: therapeutic vaccines and checkpoint inhibitors. At this time of great ...
Source: Therapeutic Advances in Respiratory Disease - May 19, 2015 Category: Respiratory Medicine Authors: Guibert, N., Delaunay, M., Mazieres, J. Tags: Reviews Source Type: research

The efficacy of crizotinib in patients with ALK-positive nonsmall cell lung cancer
Molecular profiling of nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) contributes to better understanding the different molecular subtypes of this heterogeneous group of diseases. The discovery of oncogenic ALK rearrangements in NSCLC and the subsequent success in their therapeutic targeting with crizotinib reinforces the benefits of a precision approach to systemic anticancer therapy. In addition, the rapid development of crizotinib from first discovery thorough accelerated US Food and Drug Administration approval, and late stage confirmatory clinical trials, exemplifies the success of the drug development strategy of close collaborat...
Source: Therapeutic Advances in Respiratory Disease - May 19, 2015 Category: Respiratory Medicine Authors: Pender, A., Popat, S. Tags: Reviews Source Type: research

Long-acting muscarinic antagonists for the prevention of exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) have important consequences for lung function, health status and mortality. Furthermore, they are associated with high economic costs, predominantly related to hospitalization. They are managed acutely with short-acting bronchodilators, systemic corticosteroids or antibiotics; however, a large proportion of COPD exacerbations are unreported and therefore untreated or self-managed. There is evidence to suggest that these unreported exacerbations also have important consequences for health status; therefore, reducing exacerbation risk is an important goal in the m...
Source: Therapeutic Advances in Respiratory Disease - May 19, 2015 Category: Respiratory Medicine Authors: Jones, P. W. Tags: Reviews Source Type: research

Limiting volume with modern ventilators
Conclusions: Modern ventilators have an increasing number of optional settings. These settings may increase the delivered tidal volume and disrupt a low tidal-volume strategy. Recognizing how each setting within a mode affects the type of breath delivered is critical when caring for ventilator-dependent patients. (Source: Therapeutic Advances in Respiratory Disease)
Source: Therapeutic Advances in Respiratory Disease - May 19, 2015 Category: Respiratory Medicine Authors: Wing, T. J., Haan, L., Ashworth, L. J., Anderson, J. Tags: Original Research Source Type: research

Clinicopharmacological profile of the fixed-dose combination of aclidinium bromide and formoterol fumarate in the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
The recent Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) guidelines consider symptoms and exacerbation history in addition to the degree of airflow obstruction for classifying patients. The improvement of symptoms is principally provided by bronchodilators, using β2 agonists and antimuscarinic agents. Aclidinium bromide is a novel long-acting antimuscarinic agent licensed for use in patients with COPD. Novel fixed-dose combinations that are either licensed or in their late phase of development include vilanterol/umeclidinium, indacaterol/glycopyrronium, olod...
Source: Therapeutic Advances in Respiratory Disease - March 27, 2015 Category: Respiratory Medicine Authors: Babu, K. S., Morjaria, J. B. Tags: Reviews Source Type: research

Combination therapy with indacaterol and glycopyrronium bromide in the management of COPD: an update on the evidence for efficacy and safety
The international guidelines on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) recommend inhaled bronchodilators for maintenance treatment of the disease. These drugs include β2-agonists and muscarinic antagonists, which are both available as short-acting agents (to be used as needed for dyspnea) and long-acting agents. To the latter belong salmeterol and formoterol (long-acting β2-agonists) and indacaterol, vilanterol and olodaterol (very long-acting β2-agonist) as β2-agonists, and tiotropium, aclidinium and glycopyrronium bromide as long-acting muscarinic antagonists. The efficacy and safety of indacate...
Source: Therapeutic Advances in Respiratory Disease - March 27, 2015 Category: Respiratory Medicine Authors: Ridolo, E., Montagni, M., Riario-Sforza, G. G., Baroni, M., Incorvaia, C. Tags: Reviews Source Type: research