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Equating spatial summation in visual field testing reveals greater loss in optic nerve disease
ConclusionsWhen compared to the current Goldmann III paradigm, the use of alternate sized targets within the 30‐2 testing protocol revealed a greater loss in patients with optic nerve disease for both event analysis and global indices (MD and PSD). We therefore provide evidence in a clinical setting that target size is important in visual field testing. (Source: Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics)
Source: Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics - May 18, 2016 Category: Opthalmology Authors: Michael Kalloniatis, Sieu K. Khuu Tags: Original Article Source Type: research

Fran çois Pourfour du Petit (1664–1741): pioneer in ocular biometry
Abstract PurposeTo outline the important contributions of the French physician Petit to the development of ocular biometry. ContentAfter a brief review of Petit's life and his studies in neurology, anatomy, and cataract surgery, the methodology and results of his work in measuring many of the biometric parameters of the human eye are discussed. Among other techniques, he made use of frozen sections of eyes to explore their dimensions and employed an immersion technique to avoid the effect of corneal refraction on the appearance of the iris. His pioneering biometric results have been largely confirmed by modern studies. Tho...
Source: Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics - May 14, 2016 Category: Opthalmology Authors: W Neil Charman Tags: Original Article Source Type: research

Effect of age, decentration, aberrations and pupil size on subjective image quality with concentric bifocal optics
ConclusionsWhen fitting new bifocal optics, the aberrations of the patients, as well as their pupil diameter, are the main subject dependent parameters influencing quality of vision. Typical contact lens decentration and lower cortical treatment efficiency of retinal images of older subjects had relatively little impact. (Source: Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics)
Source: Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics - May 14, 2016 Category: Opthalmology Authors: David Rio, Kelly Woog, Richard Legras Tags: Original Article Source Type: research

The relationship between dioptric power and magnification in progressive addition lenses
ConclusionThe combined analysis of dioptric power and magnification in PALs helps to understand their limitations as a visual aid. On the one hand, the potentials of including distortion magnitude as a target in the metric function being optimised in the PAL design are reduced; on the other hand, it seems worthwhile to explore adding the degradation orientation as an additional target. (Source: Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics)
Source: Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics - May 3, 2016 Category: Opthalmology Authors: Sergio Barbero, Javier Portilla Tags: Original Article Source Type: research

Is there a link between dizziness and vision? A systematic review
ConclusionsThis review suggests that dizziness (although likely not ‘light‐headedness’) is linked with poor vision although further studies using more appropriate measures of vision are recommended. (Source: Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics)
Source: Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics - April 30, 2016 Category: Opthalmology Authors: Deborah Armstrong, Emily Charlesworth, Alison J. Alderson, David B. Elliott Tags: Review Source Type: research

Relationship between retinal distance and object field angles for finite schematic eyes
ConclusionChanging the length of the Drasdo & Fowler eye, to match those of the four‐refracting surface schematic eyes, gives similar relationships between retinal distance and object field angle up to a retinal distance of approximately 14 mm (~50°). The relationship will change with refractive error as this is related to axial length and to retinal shape, and this should be taken into consideration for accurate conversions. For distances and angles beyond 14 mm and ~50°, retinal shape should be taken into account. (Source: Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics)
Source: Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics - April 30, 2016 Category: Opthalmology Authors: Marwan Suheimat, Hai‐Feng Zhu, Andrew Lambert, David A. Atchison Tags: Original Article Source Type: research

Can data in optometric practice be used to provide an evidence base for ophthalmic public health?
ConclusionsAlthough there were plenty of electronic data in optometric practice, this was highly variable and often not in an easily analysed format. To facilitate analysis of the evidence for public health purposes a UK based minimum dataset containing standardised clinical information is recommended. Further research would be required to develop suitable coding for the individual metrics included. The dataset would need to capture information from all sectors of the population to ensure effective planning of any future interventions. (Source: Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics)
Source: Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics - April 30, 2016 Category: Opthalmology Authors: Sarah V. Slade, Christopher J. Davey, Darren Shickle Tags: Original Article Source Type: research

François Pourfour du Petit (1664–1741): pioneer in ocular biometry
Abstract PurposeTo outline the important contributions of the French physician Petit to the development of ocular biometry. ContentAfter a brief review of Petit's life and his studies in neurology, anatomy, and cataract surgery, the methodology and results of his work in measuring many of the biometric parameters of the human eye are discussed. Among other techniques, he made use of frozen sections of eyes to explore their dimensions and employed an immersion technique to avoid the effect of corneal refraction on the appearance of the iris. His pioneering biometric results have been largely confirmed by modern studies. Tho...
Source: Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics - April 30, 2016 Category: Opthalmology Authors: W Neil Charman Tags: Original Article Source Type: research

Central perimetric sensitivity estimates are directly influenced by the fixation target
ConclusionsPerimetric sensitivity estimates from the central (0°, 0°) location are, on‐average, reduced by 2 to 3 dB, corresponding to a 60–100% increase in stimulus luminance at threshold. This effect can be explained by masking by the nearby fixation target. The considerable within‐ and between‐subject variability in magnitude, and the unknown effects of disease may hamper attempts to compensate threshold estimates for this effect. Clinicians should interpret central perimetric sensitivity estimates with caution, especially in patients with reduced sensitivity due to disease. (Source: Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics)
Source: Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics - April 30, 2016 Category: Opthalmology Authors: Jonathan Denniss, Andrew T. Astle Tags: Original Article Source Type: research

Neurodegeneration beyond the primary visual pathways in a population with a high incidence of normal‐pressure glaucoma
ConclusionsIn this specific population, glaucoma is associated with lower Fractional Anisotropy in the optic radiations, forceps major and corpus callosum. We interpret these reductions as evidence for white matter degeneration in these loci. In particular, the degeneration of the corpus callosum suggests the presence of neurodegeneration of the brain beyond what can be explained on the basis of propagated retinal and pre‐geniculate damage. We discuss how this finding links to the emerging view that a brain component that is independent from the eye damage plays a role in the aetiology of glaucoma. (Source: Ophthalmic an...
Source: Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics - April 24, 2016 Category: Opthalmology Authors: Christine C. Boucard, Sandra Hanekamp, Branislava Ćurčić‐Blake, Masahiro Ida, Masaki Yoshida, Frans W. Cornelissen Tags: Original Article Source Type: research

Bilateral population receptive fields in congenital hemihydranencephaly
ConclusionsBilateral pRFs were found in the remaining left hemisphere of the patient affected by HH, indicating reorganisation of intra‐cortical wiring of the early visual cortex and confirming brain plasticity and reorganisation after an early cerebral damage in humans. (Source: Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics)
Source: Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics - April 24, 2016 Category: Opthalmology Authors: Alessio Fracasso, Yvonne Koenraads, Giorgio L. Porro, Serge O. Dumoulin Tags: Original Article Source Type: research

Infrared reflectance imaging in age‐related macular degeneration
This article provides clinically relevant descriptions of AMD phenotypes using IR reflectance imaging. The findings are integrated with images from cases seen at the Centre for Eye Health. As primary eye‐care providers assume a critical role in the detection, diagnosis and management of AMD, we also provide a chair‐side reference to assist clinicians in interpreting IR images in AMD. (Source: Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics)
Source: Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics - April 24, 2016 Category: Opthalmology Authors: Angelica Ly, Lisa Nivison‐Smith, Nagi Assaad, Michael Kalloniatis Tags: Review Paper Source Type: research

Principles of operation, accuracy and precision of an Eye Surface Profiler
ConclusionsThe Eye Surface Profiler can successfully measure the topography of the entire anterior eye including the cornea, limbus and sclera. It has a great potential to become an optometry clinical tool that could substitute the currently used videokeratoscopes and provide a high quality corneo‐scleral topography. (Source: Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics)
Source: Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics - April 24, 2016 Category: Opthalmology Authors: D. Robert Iskander, Pawel Wachel, Patrick N. D. Simpson, Alejandra Consejo, Danilo A. Jesus Tags: Original Article Source Type: research

Using magnetic resonance imaging to assess visual deficits: a review
Abstract PurposeOver the last two decades, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been widely used in neuroscience research to assess both structure and function in the brain in health and disease. With regard to vision research, prior to the advent of MRI, researchers relied on animal physiology and human post‐mortem work to assess the impact of eye disease on visual cortex and connecting structures. Using MRI, researchers can non‐invasively examine the effects of eye disease on the whole visual pathway, including the lateral geniculate nucleus, striate and extrastriate cortex. This review aims to summarise research usi...
Source: Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics - April 24, 2016 Category: Opthalmology Authors: Holly D. H. Brown, Rachel L. Woodall, Rebecca E. Kitching, Heidi A. Baseler, Antony B. Morland Tags: Invited Review Source Type: research

The fundus photo has met its match: optical coherence tomography and adaptive optics ophthalmoscopy are here to stay
Abstract PurposeOver the past 25 years, optical coherence tomography (OCT) and adaptive optics (AO) ophthalmoscopy have revolutionised our ability to non‐invasively observe the living retina. The purpose of this review is to highlight the techniques and human clinical applications of recent advances in OCT and adaptive optics scanning laser/light ophthalmoscopy (AOSLO) ophthalmic imaging. Recent findingsOptical coherence tomography retinal and optic nerve head (ONH) imaging technology allows high resolution in the axial direction resulting in cross‐sectional visualisation of retinal and ONH lamination. Complementary A...
Source: Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics - April 24, 2016 Category: Opthalmology Authors: Jessica I. W. Morgan Tags: Invited Review Source Type: research