Dietary sodium, potassium, and alcohol: key players in the pathophysiology, prevention, and treatment of human hypertension
Western industrialized societies are currently experiencing an epidemic expansion of hypertension (HTN), which extends alarmingly even to children and adolescents. HTN constitutes an independent risk factor for cardiorenal disease and represents an extremely common comorbidity of diabetes and obesity. Numerous randomized clinical trials and meta‐analyses have provided robust scientific evidence that reduced dietary salt intake, increased dietary potassium intake, moderation of alcohol consumption, optimal weight maintenance, and the adoption of “heart‐friendly” dietary patterns such as the Dietary Approaches to Sto...
Source: Nutrition Reviews - April 11, 2013 Category: Nutrition Authors: Chrysi Koliaki, Nicholas Katsilambros Tags: Nutrition in Clinical Care Source Type: research
Correction
(Source: Nutrition Reviews)
Source: Nutrition Reviews - April 1, 2013 Category: Nutrition Tags: Correction Source Type: research
Use of natural AhR ligands as potential therapeutic modalities against inflammatory disorders
The aim of this review is to discuss research involving ligands for the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and their role in immunomodulation. While activation of the AhR is well known for its ability to regulate the biochemical and toxic effects of environmental chemicals, more recently an exciting discovery has been made indicating that AhR ligation can also regulate T‐cell differentiation, specifically through activation of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) and downregulation of the proinflammatory Th17 cells. Such findings have opened new avenues of research on the possibility of targeting the AhR to treat inflammatory ...
Source: Nutrition Reviews - April 1, 2013 Category: Nutrition Authors: Philip B Busbee, Michael Rouse, Mitzi Nagarkatti, Prakash S Nagarkatti Tags: Special Article Source Type: research
Effect of iron intervention on growth during gestation, infancy, childhood, and adolescence: a systematic review with meta‐analysis
To evaluate the effect of iron intervention on physical growth in fetuses, infants, children, and adolescents up to 18 years of age, a systematic review with meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was conducted. Structured electronic searches were conducted to February 2010 using MEDLINE, Embase, and the Cochrane Library databases. RCTs that included iron‐fortified foods, iron‐fortified formula, or iron supplements and in which height, weight, mid‐arm circumference (MAC), head circumference, birth weight, or length of gestation was evaluated were analyzed for inclusion. In total, 21 RCTs in infants, c...
Source: Nutrition Reviews - April 1, 2013 Category: Nutrition Authors: Vesna Vucic, Cristiana Berti, Christiane Vollhardt, Katalin Fekete, Irene Cetin, Berthold Koletzko, Mirjana Gurinovic, Pieter Veer Tags: Special Article Source Type: research
Ginger (Zingiber officinale) and chemotherapy‐induced nausea and vomiting: a systematic literature review
Chemotherapy‐induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) is a common side‐effect of cytotoxic treatment. It continues to affect a significant proportion of patients despite the widespread use of antiemetic medication. In traditional medicine, ginger (Zingiber officinale) has been used to prevent and treat nausea in many cultures for thousands of years. However, its use has not been confirmed in the chemotherapy context. To determine the potential use of ginger as a prophylactic or treatment for CINV, a systematic literature review was conducted. Reviewed studies comprised randomized controlled trials or crossover trials that in...
Source: Nutrition Reviews - March 13, 2013 Category: Nutrition Authors: Wolfgang M Marx, Laisa Teleni, Alexandra L McCarthy, Luis Vitetta, Dan McKavanagh, Damien Thomson, Elisabeth Isenring Tags: Nutrition in Clinical Care Source Type: research
Mechanisms of behavioral, atopic, and other reactions to artificial food colors in children
This review examines the research on mechanisms by which artificial food colors (AFCs) and common foods may cause behavioral changes in children with and without attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Children with ADHD show excess inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. Studies have shown that a subgroup of children (with or without ADHD) react adversely to challenges with AFCs. Many early studies found few children who reacted to challenges with 20–40 mg of AFCs. However, studies using at least 50 mg of AFCs showed a greater percentage of children who reacted to the challenge. Three types of potent...
Source: Nutrition Reviews - March 13, 2013 Category: Nutrition Authors: Laura J Stevens, Thomas Kuczek, John R Burgess, Mateusz A Stochelski, L Eugene Arnold, Leo Galland Tags: Special Article Source Type: research
Mechanistic perspective on the relationship between pyridoxal 5'‐phosphate and inflammation
A variety of inflammatory disease conditions have been found to be associated with low levels of plasma pyridoxal 5'‐phosphate (PLP), the active form of vitamin B6, without any indication of a lower dietary intake of vitamin B6, excessive catabolism of the vitamin, or congenital defects in its metabolism. The present review was conducted to examine the existing literature in this regard. Current evidence suggests that the inverse association between plasma PLP and inflammation may be the result of mobilization of this coenzyme to the site of inflammation, for use by the PLP‐dependent enzymes of the kynurenine pathway o...
Source: Nutrition Reviews - March 8, 2013 Category: Nutrition Authors: Ligi Paul, Per Magne Ueland, Jacob Selhub Tags: Special Article Source Type: research
Effect of garlic on serum lipids: an updated meta‐analysis
Hypercholesterolemia is associated with an increased risk of heart disease. The effect of garlic on blood lipids has been studied in numerous trials and summarized in meta‐analyses, with conflicting results. This meta‐analysis, the most comprehensive to date, includes 39 primary trials of the effect of garlic preparations on total cholesterol, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides. The findings suggest garlic to be effective in reducing total serum cholesterol by 17 ± 6 mg/dL and low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol by 9 ± 6 mg/dL in individuals ...
Source: Nutrition Reviews - March 7, 2013 Category: Nutrition Authors: Karin Ried, Catherine Toben, Peter Fakler Tags: Special Article Source Type: research
Dairy and blood pressure: a fresh look at the evidence
The Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2010 indicated there is moderate evidence for an association between the consumption of dairy foods and lower blood pressure in adults; however, it also stated that more evidence was needed, especially in clinical trials, to fully delineate a causal relationship. The purpose of this review is to provide background by examining the historical literature and the evidence reviewed by the 2010 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee, to examine the gaps in knowledge indicated by that committee, and to determine if recently published evidence is sufficient to elucidate or dismiss an associati...
Source: Nutrition Reviews - March 1, 2013 Category: Nutrition Authors: Keigan M Park, Christopher J Cifelli Tags: Nutrition ↔ Science Policy Source Type: research
Nutritional strategies to attenuate muscle disuse atrophy
Situations such as recovery from injury or illness require otherwise healthy humans to undergo periods of disuse, which lead to considerable losses of skeletal muscle mass and, subsequently, numerous negative health consequences. It has been established that prolonged disuse (>10 days) leads to a decline in basal and postprandial rates of muscle protein synthesis, without an apparent change in muscle protein breakdown. It also seems, however, that an early and transient (1–5 days) increase in basal muscle protein breakdown may also contribute to disuse atrophy. A period of disuse reduces energy requirements and appeti...
Source: Nutrition Reviews - February 1, 2013 Category: Nutrition Authors: Benjamin T Wall, Luc JC Loon Tags: Lead Article Source Type: research
Designing culturally sensitive dietary interventions for African Americans: review and recommendations
Despite consensus that dietary intervention programs should be culturally sensitive, relatively little is known about approaches to developing culturally sensitive interventions. With a focus on African Americans, the present review summarizes the existing literature on cultural considerations when working with this population and suggests strategies for the development of culturally sensitive interventions to modify the dietary practices of African Americans. Interventions to improve dietary behaviors and nutritional status among African Americans are needed urgently in order to reduce morbidity and mortality from diet‐...
Source: Nutrition Reviews - February 1, 2013 Category: Nutrition Authors: Jennifer Di Noia, Gennifer Furst, Keumjae Park, Carol Byrd‐Bredbenner Tags: Lead Article Source Type: research
Primary and secondary coenzyme Q10 deficiency: the role of therapeutic supplementation
Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is the only lipid‐soluble antioxidant that animal cells synthesize de novo. It is found in cell membranes and is particularly well known for its role in the electron transport chain in mitochondrial membranes during aerobic cellular respiration. A deficiency in either its bioavailability or its biosynthesis can lead to one of several disease states. Primary deficiency has been well described and results from mutations in genes involved in CoQ10 biosynthesis. Secondary deficiency may be linked to hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG‐CoA) reductase inhibitors (statins), which are used for the treatm...
Source: Nutrition Reviews - January 31, 2013 Category: Nutrition Authors: Marnie Potgieter, Etheresia Pretorius, Michael S Pepper Tags: Nutrition in Clinical Care Source Type: research
Vitamin D and gestational diabetes mellitus
The incidence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is increasing worldwide. GDM can be responsible for an important proportion of adverse fetal and maternal outcomes during pregnancy, and it is associated with long‐term health deterioration for both mother and child. Therefore, it is important to identify potentially modifiable risk factors for GDM. Accumulating evidence links vitamin D deficiency with abnormal glucose metabolism, and epidemiological studies have shown that women who develop GDM are more likely to be vitamin D deficient. This review discusses the prevalence, risk factors, and outcomes of GDM and vitami...
Source: Nutrition Reviews - January 30, 2013 Category: Nutrition Authors: Maysa Alzaim, Richard J Wood Tags: Special Article Source Type: research
Meeting and exceeding dairy recommendations: effects of dairy consumption on nutrient intakes and risk of chronic disease
The 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans indicate the US population is experiencing an epidemic of overweight and obesity while maintaining a nutrient‐poor, energy‐dense diet associated with an increased risk of osteoarthritis, cardiovascular disease, and type 2 diabetes. To build upon the review of published research in the Report of the Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee on the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2010, this article aims to review the scientific literature pertaining to the consumption of dairy foods and the effects of dairy consumption on nutrient intakes and chronic disease risk published between ...
Source: Nutrition Reviews - January 30, 2013 Category: Nutrition Authors: Beth H Rice, Erin E Quann, Gregory D Miller Tags: Special Article Source Type: research
What are the health implications associated with the consumption of energy drinks? A systematic review
There is increasing interest regarding the potential health effects of energy drink (ED) consumption. The aim of the present review was to investigate the existing evidence on health outcomes associated with ED consumption. Studies published between 1966 and February 2011 were retrieved and included if they met the following criteria: were randomized or pseudo randomized control trials; studied a human population; reported a health‐related measure; and investigated a whole ED (as opposed to individual ingredients). Study quality was evaluated and data extracted using standardized tools. Fifteen studies were identified, t...
Source: Nutrition Reviews - January 29, 2013 Category: Nutrition Authors: Tracy Burrows, Kirrilly Pursey, Melinda Neve, Peter Stanwell Tags: Lead Article Source Type: research
