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Increase in prevalence of PVL and clonal shift in community onset -MRSA causing skin and soft tissue infections in the Rhine-Neckar-region, Germany, 2012-2016
The importance of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) as a nosocomial pathogen is indisputable [1, 2]. Infection with MRSA is a major clinical burden and has been associated with high morbidity [2]. Current treatment options are limited and often suboptimal. Of particular importance is the acquisition of resistance to second-line agents, which restricts the antimicrobial therapy and jeopardize treatment success. In addition, MRSA is causing great public concern due to the transmissibility and asymptomatic carriers in the community [3]. (Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents)
Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents - November 6, 2018 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Authors: Sabrina Klein, Monja-Dorina Menz, Philipp Zanger, Klaus Heeg, Dennis Nurjadi Source Type: research

Multidrug (MDR) and extensively drug resistant (XDR) Gram negative prosthetic joint infections (PJI): Role of surgery and impact of colistin administration.
An increasing number of prosthetic joints (arthroplasties) are being performed globally almost doubling within the last decade [1].Prosthetic joint infection (PJI) is one of the most devastating complications with rates ranging between 1-2 % and is associated with substantial patient morbidity and cost of treatment. [2-4]. Treatment of PJI is highly challenging as more than one surgical intervention and long-term antibiotic treatment are often required [4,5]. Although Gram positive bacteria (mostly Staphylococci) account for 60-80% of causative agents, Gram negative bacteria (GNB) are also detected in the context of mono- ...
Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents - November 2, 2018 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Authors: Antonios Papadopoulos, Alba Ribera, Andreas Mavrogenis, Dolors Rodriguez-Pardo, Eric Bonnet, Mauro Jos é Salles, María Dolores del Toro, Sophie Nguyen, Antonio Blanco García, Gábor Skaliczki, Alejandro Soriano, Natividad Benito, Sabine Petersdorf, Mar Source Type: research

The PER extended-spectrum beta-lactamases originate from Pararheinheimera sp.
Enzymes belonging to the PER family of extended spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) confer resistance to cephalosporins, penicillins and aztreonam, but are inhibited by clavulanic acid, tazobactam and sulbactam [1]. Since the discovery of PER-1 in 1993, seven new variants (PER-2 to PER-8) have been described in the literature. They can be divided into two distinct groups based on their similarity to PER-1. Whereas PER-3, 4, 5, 7 and 8 share 98-99% amino acid identity with PER-1, the amino acid sequences of PER-2 and 6 are only 86% similar to that of PER-1. (Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents)
Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents - November 2, 2018 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Authors: Stefan Ebmeyer, Erik Kristiansson, D. G. Joakim Larsson Source Type: research

Managing Invasive Aspergillosis in haematological patients in the era of resistance PCR and increasing triazole resistance: a modelling study of different strategies
Invasive Aspergillosis (IA) is an opportunistic fungal infection with rising incidence among various patient populations. Patients treated for haematological malignancy with intensive chemotherapy or hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) are the population with the highest risk of developing IA and often receive antifungal chemoprophylaxis throughout treatment. Despite the use of chemoprophylaxis, incidence rates in this population remain substantial and IA continues to cause significant morbidity and mortality [1]. (Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents)
Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents - November 2, 2018 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Authors: R.J. van de Peppel, M.T. van der Beek, L.G. Visser, M.G.J. de Boer, J. Wallinga Source Type: research

Development and validation of a multiplex PCR assay for the detection of the five families of plasmid-encoded colistin resistance
Currently, one of the most threatening issues in the human health is the rise of antimicrobial resistance. This increased prevalence of multidrug resistant (MDR) bacteria is of particular concern in Gram-negative bacteria for which the pipeline of new antimicrobials is extremely limited. Among these MDR Gram-negative bacteria, carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE) have emerged in the 2000 ’s and have disseminated worldwide and sometimes become endemic in few countries (e.g. KPC producing-Klebsiella pneumoniae in Greece and Italy or NDM producers in India). (Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents)
Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents - November 2, 2018 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Authors: Agn ès B. Jousset, Sandrine Bernabeu, Remy A. Bonnin, Elodie Creton, Garance Cotellon, Aimie Sauvadet, Thierry Naas, Laurent Dortet Source Type: research

Detection and prevalence of carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria among European laboratories part of the COMBACTE network: a COMBACTE LAB-Net survey
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) causes numerous deaths in Europe and around the world, diminishes quality of life, and threatens to reverse many of the enormous strides modern medicine has made over the last century. Unless action is taken, some estimate that by 2050, up to ten million additional lives will be lost prematurely each because of AMR [1,2]. Prudent use of existing antibiotics and acceleration of development of new antimicrobial agents are desperately needed in order to preserve the effectiveness of these “wonder drugs”. (Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents)
Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents - November 1, 2018 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Authors: T Kostyanev, T Vilken, C Lammens, L Timbermont, A van't Veen, H Goossens Source Type: research

Title Page & Editorial Board
(Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents)
Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents - November 1, 2018 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Source Type: research

Investigation of unbound colistin A and B in clinical samples using a mass spectrometry method.
The objectives of this study were to develop a method to isolate unbound colistin in clinical samples by ultrafiltration and to quantify it. The association between unbound colistin and biological parameters (total protein, albumin, alpha-1-acid glycoprotein, and creatinine) was investigated. (Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents)
Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents - November 1, 2018 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Authors: D. Fage, G. Deprez, F. Wolff, M. Hites, F. Jacobs, F. Van Bambeke, F. Cotton Source Type: research

Cysteine induces resistance of lactobacilli to erytromycin and azytromycin
The Laboratory of Microbial Genetics is dedicated to study the biology of Lactobacillus vini strains isolated from ethanol fermentation industries and their tolerance to different forms of environmental stresses. We have started the enterprise of producing recombinant strains for gene functional characterization in the Laboratory of Lactic Acid Bacteria and Prebiotics. The amino acids cysteine was thought to be added to the medium to increase aerobic growth rate and to increase efficiency of transformation. (Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents)
Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents - November 1, 2018 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Authors: Allyson Andrade Mendon ça, Marcos Antonio de Morais, Manuel Zúñiga Cabrera Tags: Letter to the Editor Source Type: research

DAPTOMYCIN AS ADJUNCTIVE TREATMENT FOR EXPERIMENTAL INFECTION BY Acinetobacter baumannii WITH RESISTANCE TO COLISTIN
The emergence of Acinetobacter baumannii with resistance to colistin (ABRC) led to investigation if daptomycin can be used as adjunctive to colistin for these isolates. One ABRC carbapenemase-producing bloodstream isolate was studied; minimum inhibitory concentrations of imipenem was>512 μg/ml, of daptomycin>512 μg/ml and of colistin 8 μg/ml. First, a “humanized” model of pharmacokinetics of daptomycin and colistin was developed in 18 C57Bl6 male mice. Then, 112 mice were infected by the intraperitoneal injection of the ABRC isolate and randomly assigned into four groups of once daily treatment for se ven days; A: c...
Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents - November 1, 2018 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Authors: Garyfallia Poulakou, Georgios Renieris, Labros Sabrakos, Olympia Zarkotou, Katherine Themeli-Digalaki, Efstathia Perivolioti, Eleni Kraniotaki, Evangelos J. Giamarellos-Bourboulis, Nikolaos Zavras Source Type: research

Corrigendum to ‘Repurposing the anticancer drug mitomycin C for the treatment of persistent Acinetobacter baumannii infections’ [International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 49/1 (2017) 88–92]
The authors regret that it was stated by mistake that all isolates were obtained from burned patients, however, the following isolates were obtained from a different source: A552, A571, A574 orthopedic patients, A573, A578 column surgery, A556 hip and knee surgery, A553 traumatology and A563 nasogastric aspirate. (Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents)
Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents - October 29, 2018 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Authors: Martha Yumiko Cruz-Mu ñiz, Luis Esau López-Jacome, Melissa Hernández-Durán, Rafael Franco-Cendejas, Paula Licona-Limón, Jose Luis Ramos-Balderas, Mariano Martinéz-Vázquez, Javier A. Belmont-Díaz, Thomas K. Wood, Rodolfo García-Contreras Tags: Corrigendum Source Type: research

Dose Optimization of Moxifloxacin and Linezolid Against Tuberculosis Using Mathematical Modeling and Simulation
Tuberculosis (TB) is the leading infectious disease killer globally, resulting in 1.8 million deaths a year [1]. A third of the world population is infected with TB today [2]. Global emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) TB (resistant to at least isoniazid and rifampicin) makes the TB epidemic an even greater problem as treatment outcomes among such patients are substantially worse than those for drug susceptible TB [1,2]. The World Health Organization (WHO) reports approximately half a million new cases of MDR TB per year [2]. (Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents)
Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents - October 29, 2018 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Authors: M. Tobias Heinrichs, George L. Drusano, David L. Brown, Michael S. Maynard, Sherwin K.B. Sy, Kenneth H. Rand, Charles A. Peloquin, Arnold Louie, Hartmut Derendorf Source Type: research

Infections by multidrug-resistant Gram-negative Bacteria: what's new in our arsenal and what's in the pipeline?
Antibiotic-resistant bacteria are spreading fast and stealthily globally, having become an ever-increasing health concern. Some estimates suggest that currently 700,000 deaths per year can be attributed to antimicrobial resistance [1]. Although quantification of future excess morbidity and mortality is challenging, it is estimated that by 2050, mortality attributed to antibiotic resistance will increase to ten million deaths annually and a cost of 100 trillion USD [1, 2]. (Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents)
Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents - October 27, 2018 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Authors: Despoina Koulenti, Andrew Song, Aaron Ellingboe, Mohd Hafiz Abdul-Aziz, Patrick Harris, Emile Gavey, Jeffrey Lipman Tags: Review Source Type: research

Drug-Drug Interactions Potential of Direct Acting Antivirals for the treatment of Chronic Hepatitis C infection
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is still a major global problem. Approximately, 71 million people were living with HCV worldwide in 2017 [1]. The primary objective of HCV treatment is to obtain a complete eradication of the virus, which is characterized as a sustained virological response (SVR). SVR is defined by an undetectable HCV RNA at 12 weeks after the end of treatment [2,3]. The management of HCV-infected patients has rapidly changed in the recent years. After the breakthrough of first-generation direct acting antiviral agents (DAAs), boceprevir and telaprevir, many DAAs targeting specific proteins of the HCV life...
Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents - October 27, 2018 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Authors: Nad ège Néant, Caroline Solas Tags: Themed Issue: Therapeutics of hepatitis viruses Source Type: research

Clinical characteristics of Candida tropicalis fungemia with reduced triazole susceptibilities in Taiwan: a multicenter study
Candidemia are one of the most common nosocomial infections and contribute significantly to morbidity and mortality. Although C. albicans remains the most commonly identified species, the prevalence of non-albicans Candida spp. have increased in recent decades following extensive usage of azoles and changing of patients characteristics [1 –3]. C. tropicalis is one of the leading non-albicans Candida species of candidemia in Taiwan and is now emerging globally [1, 2, 4]. Despite effective treatment, high mortality rates continue to be reported in fungemia caused by C. (Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents)
Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents - October 27, 2018 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Authors: Wei-Lun Liu, Yu-Tsung Huang, Min-Han Hsieh, Ing-Moi Hii, Yu-Lin Lee, Mao-Wang Ho, Chun-Eng Liu, Yen-Hsu Chen, Fu-Der Wang Tags: Short Communication Source Type: research