Innate cellular responses to the periodontal biofilm.
Authors: Benakanakere M, Kinane DF
Abstract
This chapter addresses the host responses to the microbial biofilm that constitutes the subgingival dental plaque. The host response to infection draws upon the innate, inflammatory and adaptive immune systems, whose role is to provide the appropriate response to the offending microorganisms. In some cases, this will be little or no response when encountering 'commensals', and in other cases a gradated response depending very much on the host's own determination of the pathogenic nature of the microbial insult: and herein lies the root of variation in host respon...
Source: Frontiers of Oral Biology - November 25, 2014 Category: ENT & OMF Tags: Front Oral Biol Source Type: research
Neutrophils in periodontal inflammation.
Authors: Scott DA, Krauss J
Abstract
Neutrophils (also called polymorphonuclear leukocytes) are the most abundant leukocytes whose primary purpose as anti-microbial professional phagocytes is to kill extracellular pathogens. Neutrophils and macrophages are phagocytic cell types that along with other cells effectively link the innate and adaptive arms of the immune response, and help promote inflammatory resolution and tissue healing. Found extensively within the gingival crevice and epithelium, neutrophils are considered the key protective cell type in the periodontal tissues. Histopathology of periodontal...
Source: Frontiers of Oral Biology - November 25, 2014 Category: ENT & OMF Tags: Front Oral Biol Source Type: research
Antimicrobial peptides in periodontal innate defense.
Authors: Gorr SU
Abstract
The development of oral biofilms and the host response to biofilm bacteria and their toxins are important factors in the development of periodontal disease. An early component of the host response is the secretion of antimicrobial proteins and peptides (AMPs) by salivary glands, oral epithelial cells and neutrophils. Over 45 AMPs have been identified in the oral cavity. All are found in saliva and several are also present in gingival crevicular fluid. Of these, 13 are up regulated in periodontal disease while 11 are downregulated. However, the concentrations of most AMPs found in ...
Source: Frontiers of Oral Biology - November 25, 2014 Category: ENT & OMF Tags: Front Oral Biol Source Type: research
Modern approaches to non-surgical biofilm management.
Authors: Apatzidou DA
Abstract
The subgingival dental plaque is a microbial biofilm consisting of highly variable bacterial microcolonies embedded within a self-produced matrix of extracellular polymeric substance. In contrast to microorganisms growing in a planktonic state, the inhabitants of a biofilm are effectively protected within this dense structure from host defense mechanisms and from therapeutic agents, including antimicrobials. The mechanical removal of the microbial biofilm and the establishment of meticulous plaque control measures comprise the key elements for the success of non-surgical peri...
Source: Frontiers of Oral Biology - November 25, 2014 Category: ENT & OMF Tags: Front Oral Biol Source Type: research
Animal models to study host-bacteria interactions involved in periodontitis.
Authors: Graves DT, Kang J, Andriankaja O, Wada K, Rossa C
Abstract
Animal models have distinct advantages because they can mimic cellular complexities that occur in humans in vivo and are often more accurate than in vitro studies that take place on plastic surfaces with limited numbers of cell types present. Furthermore, cause and effect relationships can be established by applying inhibitors or activators or through the use of genetically modified animals. Such gain or loss of function studies are often difficult to achieve in human clinical studies, particularly in obtaining target tissue due to importa...
Source: Frontiers of Oral Biology - November 25, 2014 Category: ENT & OMF Tags: Front Oral Biol Source Type: research
Antimicrobial advances in treating periodontal diseases.
Authors: Mombelli A
Abstract
Antibiotics are generally an efficient means of treating bacterial infections, and therefore are an obvious candidate in the treatment of periodontal diseases. Systemically and locally administered antimicrobial agents of all kinds have been evaluated in multiple clinical trials. The vast majority of studies have tested antibiotics as adjuncts to non-surgical debridement. No regime has demonstrated superiority over systemically administered amoxicillin and metronidazole in the treatment of any clinically or microbiologically defined variant of periodontal disease. The frequency...
Source: Frontiers of Oral Biology - November 25, 2014 Category: ENT & OMF Tags: Front Oral Biol Source Type: research
Regenerative periodontal therapy.
Authors: Kao DW, Fiorellini JP
Abstract
Traditional treatment for loss of bone and attachment due to periodontal disease has focused around repairing the damage induced. However, over the past few decades, clinicians have begun to utilize regenerative techniques to rebuild bone, cementum and the periodontal ligament. Conventional procedures most often involve the use of barrier membranes with bone grafts that foster selective cell repopulation and regrowth of osseous structures. Since the predictability of these techniques may be limited to certain case types, pharmacologically based efforts are underway t...
Source: Frontiers of Oral Biology - November 25, 2014 Category: ENT & OMF Tags: Front Oral Biol Source Type: research
Paradigm shift in the pharmacological management of periodontal diseases.
Authors: Hasturk H, Kantarci A, Van Dyke TE
Abstract
It is becoming clear that variations in inflammatory response are a major determinant in susceptibility to periodontitis. However, our understanding of the relationship of the causal agents in periodontitis to the pathogenesis is not as clear as we once thought, and thus therapies based on etiopathogenesis are similarly in question. We are entering a new era of therapeutic discovery that may have a major impact on our management of the periodontal diseases. Fundamentally, periodontitis is an irreversible condition and once both soft and hard tissues are ...
Source: Frontiers of Oral Biology - November 25, 2014 Category: ENT & OMF Tags: Front Oral Biol Source Type: research
Periodontal disease. Foreword.
Authors: Kinane DF, Mombelli A
PMID: 22180945 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Frontiers of Oral Biology)
Source: Frontiers of Oral Biology - November 25, 2014 Category: ENT & OMF Tags: Front Oral Biol Source Type: research
Epidemiology of oral clefts 2012: an international perspective.
Authors: Mossey PA, Modell B
Abstract
Classical descriptive epidemiology in the field of cleft lip and palate aims to quantify the problem, and in the higher income countries it is possible to do this with varying degrees of accuracy. This is not however possible in every country in the world, and epidemiology should seek to identify these data gaps with a view to improvement in the situation. Epidemiology must also be investigative and look for trends, associations and inter-population differences, with the aim of supporting aetiological research and advancing the translational agenda. This chapter is set...
Source: Frontiers of Oral Biology - November 25, 2014 Category: ENT & OMF Tags: Front Oral Biol Source Type: research
Genetic and environmental factors in human cleft lip and palate.
Authors: Vieira AR
Abstract
Cleft lip and palate is the most common craniofacial birth defect and its etiology has been the focus of many reports in the literature. It is well accepted that both genetics and environment play a role in the condition, however we still have not been able to translate what have been learned into clinical applications. This paper provides an interpretation of the latest research findings in humans and a perspective for where the field is going. The latest effort in gene identification and the associations between isolated cleft lip and palate and the loci harboring IRF6 (1q32) ...
Source: Frontiers of Oral Biology - November 25, 2014 Category: ENT & OMF Tags: Front Oral Biol Source Type: research
The mouse as a developmental model for cleft lip and palate research.
Authors: Gritli-Linde A
Abstract
Vertebrate and invertebrate model organisms are essential for deciphering biological processes. One of these, the mouse, proved to be a valuable model for understanding the etiopathogenesis of a vast array of human diseases, including congenital malformations such as orofacial clefting conditions. This small mammal's usefulness in cleft lip and palate research stems not only from the striking anatomical and molecular similarities of lip and palate development between human and mouse embryos, but also from its amenability to experimental and genetic manipulation. Using some ...
Source: Frontiers of Oral Biology - November 25, 2014 Category: ENT & OMF Tags: Front Oral Biol Source Type: research
Hedgehog signalling in development of the secondary palate.
Authors: Cobourne MT, Green JB
Abstract
The Sonic hedgehog (Shh) gene encodes a secreted signalling molecule that plays an important role during numerous aspects of vertebrate development. In the developing palate, Shh is strongly expressed in the epithelium on the oral surface, in a series of stripes corresponding to the future rugae palatini. There is now good evidence that Shh is involved in a number of signalling interactions that take place between the epithelium and mesenchyme during normal palatogenesis. In particular, being able to induce Fgf10 in mesenchyme of the anterior palate which, via Fgfr2,...
Source: Frontiers of Oral Biology - November 25, 2014 Category: ENT & OMF Tags: Front Oral Biol Source Type: research
Roles of BMP signaling pathway in lip and palate development.
Authors: Parada C, Chai Y
Abstract
Cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CLP) and cleft palate only (CP) are severe disruptions affecting orofacial structures. Patients with orofacial clefts require complex interdisciplinary care, which includes nursing, plastic surgery, maxillofacial surgery, otolaryngology, speech therapy, audiology, psychological and genetic counseling, orthodontics and dental treatment, among others. Overall, treatment of clefts of the lip and palate entails a significant economic burden for families and society. Therefore, prevention is the ultimate objective and this will be facili...
Source: Frontiers of Oral Biology - November 25, 2014 Category: ENT & OMF Tags: Front Oral Biol Source Type: research
Development of the lip and palate: FGF signalling.
Authors: Stanier P, Pauws E
Abstract
The fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signalling pathway is critically involved in several aspects of craniofacial development, including formation of the lip and the palate. FGF receptors are activated by extracellular FGF ligands in order to regulate cellular processes such as migration and morphogenesis through instruction of specific target gene expression. A key factor in the development of orofacial structures is the interaction between mesodermal- and neural crest-derived mesenchyme and ecto- and endodermal-derived epithelium. FGF signalling occurs in both cell type...
Source: Frontiers of Oral Biology - November 25, 2014 Category: ENT & OMF Tags: Front Oral Biol Source Type: research
