Springer protocols feed by Immunology 
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This is an RSS file. You can use it to subscribe to this data in your favourite RSS reader or to display this data on your own website or blog.Generation of a Single-Cycle Replicable Rift Valley Fever Vaccine
Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) (genus Phlebovirus, family Bunyaviridae) is an arbovirus that causes severe disease in humans and livestock in sub-Saharan African countries. The virus carries a tripartite, single-stranded, and negative–sense RNA genome, designated as L, M, and S RNAs. RVFV spread can be prevented by the effective vaccination of animals and humans. Although the MP-12 strain of RVFV is a live attenuated vaccine candidate, MP-12 showed neuroinvasiveness and neurovirulence in young mice and immunodeficiency mice. Hence, there is a concern for the use of MP-12 to certain individuals, especially those that ...
Source: Springer protocols feed by Immunology - April 8, 2016 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: news
Analytic Vaccinology: Antibody-Driven Design of a Human Cytomegalovirus Subunit Vaccine
Identification of the most relevant protective antigens has represented a considerable obstacle for the development of subunit vaccines against viral infections, including human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection. This chapter describes the method of analytic vaccinology, centered on the clonal analysis of human B cell response to HCMV, which represents an essential tool for assessing the impact of individual viral antigens in the antiviral antibody response. By providing key information on the immunogenicity and protective properties of the antibodies elicited by viral proteins, the analytic vaccinology method guides the se...
Source: Springer protocols feed by Immunology - April 8, 2016 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: news
Development of Rabies Virus-Like Particles for Vaccine Applications: Production, Characterization, and Protection Studies
Rabies is a viral infection of the central nervous system for which vaccination is the only treatment possible. Besides preexposure, vaccination is highly recommended for people living in endemic areas, veterinarians, and laboratory workers. Our group has developed rabies virus-like particles (RV-VLPs) with immunogenic features expressed in mammalian cells for vaccine applications. In this chapter the methods to obtain and characterize a stable HEK293 cell line expressing RV-VLPs are detailed. Further, analytical ultracentrifugation steps to purify the obtained VLPs are developed, as well as western blot, dynamic light sca...
Source: Springer protocols feed by Immunology - April 8, 2016 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: news
Reverse Genetics Approaches to Control Arenavirus
Several arenavirus cause hemorrhagic fever disease in humans and pose a significant public health problem in their endemic regions. To date, no licensed vaccines are available to combat human arenavirus infections, and anti-arenaviral drug therapy is limited to an off-label use of ribavirin that is only partially effective. The development of arenavirus reverse genetics approaches provides investigators with a novel and powerful approach for the investigation of the arenavirus molecular and cell biology. The use of cell-based minigenome systems has allowed examining the cis- and trans-acting factors involved in arenavirus ...
Source: Springer protocols feed by Immunology - April 8, 2016 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: news
Single-Vector, Single-Injection Recombinant Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Vaccines Against High-Containment Viruses
There are many avenues for making an effective vaccine against viruses. Depending on the virus these can include one of the following: inactivation of whole virions; attenuation of viruses; recombinant viral proteins; non-replication-competent virus particles; or surrogate virus vector systems such as vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV). VSV is a prototypic enveloped animal virus that has been used for over four decades to study virus replication, entry, and assembly due to its ability to replicate to high titers in a wide variety of mammalian and insect cells. The use of reverse genetics to recover infectious and single-cycl...
Source: Springer protocols feed by Immunology - April 8, 2016 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: news
Generation and Characterization of a Chimeric Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus Attenuated Strain ChinTBEV
Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE), caused by TBE virus (TBEV), is one of the most serious human viral diseases endemic in Europe and East Asia. No effective treatment for TBEV infection exists and the primary preventive measure is vaccination. Although several inactivated vaccines have been licensed, the development of novel and more effective vaccines remains a high priority especially in disease-endemic countries. Here we describe a universal vaccine design approach to construct a live chimeric recombinant TBEV attenuated strain ChinTBEV based on the infectious full-length cDNA clone of Japanese encephalitis virus using stan...
Source: Springer protocols feed by Immunology - April 8, 2016 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: news
Development of a SARS Coronavirus Vaccine from Recombinant Spike Protein Plus Delta Inulin Adjuvant
Given periodic outbreaks of fatal human infections caused by coronaviruses, development of an optimal coronavirus vaccine platform capable of rapid production is an ongoing priority. This chapter describes the use of an insect cell expression system for rapid production of a recombinant vaccine against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS). Detailed methods are presented for expression, purification, and release testing of SARS recombinant spike protein antigen, followed by adjuvant formulation and animal testing. The methods herein described for rapid development of a highly protective SARS vaccine are equa...
Source: Springer protocols feed by Immunology - April 8, 2016 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: news
Assessment of Functional Norovirus Antibody Responses by Blocking Assay in Mice
Norovirus (NoV)-specific serum antibodies bind to NoV-derived virus-like particles (VLPs) and block the binding of VLPs to the host cell attachment factors/receptors, histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs). Blocking antibodies in human sera have been associated with a protection from NoV infection and disease. Studies of experimental NoV VLP-based vaccines measure blocking antibodies in animal sera instead of a traditional virus neutralization assay. This chapter describes the methodology for analyzing blocking antibodies from NoV GII.4 VLP-immunized mouse sera. Protocol for obtaining mouse NoV GII.4-specific immune sera is de...
Source: Springer protocols feed by Immunology - April 8, 2016 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: news
Designing Efficacious Vesicular Stomatitis Virus-Vectored Vaccines Against Ebola Virus
Infection with the Ebola virus (EBOV) causes an aggressive hemorrhagic disease in humans and nonhuman primates. Traditional approaches, such as vaccination with inactivated virion preparations, have had limited efficacy, whereas immunization with live-attenuated EBOV is not feasible due to the highly lethal nature of the pathogen. This has necessitated the development of other approaches towards an effective EBOV vaccine. Over the past decade, recombinant viruses expressing the EBOV glycoprotein (GP) have constituted the most promising platforms, as evidenced by their ability to protect naïve nonhuman primates from a ...
Source: Springer protocols feed by Immunology - April 8, 2016 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: news
Methods to Evaluate Novel Hepatitis C Virus Vaccines
In conclusion, this chapter describes a method to design HCV vaccines and also a protocol to assess their efficacy. (Source: Springer protocols feed by Immunology)
Source: Springer protocols feed by Immunology - April 8, 2016 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: news
Application of Droplet Digital PCR to Validate Rift Valley Fever Vaccines
Droplet Digital™ polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR™) is a promising technique that quantitates the absolute concentration of nucleic acids in a given sample. This technique utilizes water-in-oil emulsion technology, a system developed by Bio-Rad Laboratories that partitions a single sample into thousands of nanoliter-sized droplets and counts nucleic acid molecules encapsulated in each individual particle as one PCR reaction. This chapter discusses the applications and methodologies of ddPCR for development of Rift Valley fever (RVF) vaccine, using an example that measures RNA copy numbers of a live-attenuated M...
Source: Springer protocols feed by Immunology - April 8, 2016 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: news
Proteomic Monitoring of B Cell Immunity
Immune monitoring is critical in settings of infection, autoimmunity, and cancer, but our understanding of the diversity of the antibody immune repertoire has been limited to selected target antigens and epitopes. Development of new vaccines requires monitoring of B cell immunity and identification of candidate antigens. As vaccines become more complex, novel techniques are required for monitoring the diversity of the B cell immune response. Since antibodies recognize both linear and conformational protein and glycoprotein epitopes, recent advances in proteomic and glycomic technologies for rapid display of antigenic struc...
Source: Springer protocols feed by Immunology - April 8, 2016 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: news
Systems Vaccinology: Applications, Trends, and Perspectives
The strategies employed in vaccinology have improved since the seminal work of Edward Jenner in the eighteenth century. Stimulated by failure to develop vaccines for cancers and chronic infectious diseases as well as an emergence of a multitude of new technologies not available earlier, vaccinology has moved from a largely experimental art to a new phase of innovation. Currently, immune reactions can be predicted and modeled before they occur and formulations can be optimized in advance for genetic background, age, sex, lifestyle, environmental factors, and microbiome. A multitude of scientific insights and technological a...
Source: Springer protocols feed by Immunology - April 8, 2016 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: news
Reverse Vaccinology: The Pathway from Genomes and Epitope Predictions to Tailored Recombinant Vaccines
In this chapter, we review the computational approaches that have led to a new generation of vaccines in recent years. There are many alternative routes to develop vaccines based on the technology of reverse vaccinology. We focus here on bacterial infectious diseases, describing the general workflow from bioinformatic predictions of antigens and epitopes down to examples where such predictions have been used successfully for vaccine development. (Source: Springer protocols feed by Immunology)
Source: Springer protocols feed by Immunology - April 8, 2016 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: news
Practical Approaches to Forced Degradation Studies of Vaccines
During the early stages of vaccine development, forced degradation studies are conducted to provide information about the degradation properties of vaccine formulations. In addition to supporting the development of analytical methods for the detection of degradation products, these stress studies are used to identify optimal long-term storage conditions and are part of the regulatory requirements for the submission of stability data. In this chapter, we provide detailed methods for forced degradation analysis under thermal, light, and mechanical stress conditions. (Source: Springer protocols feed by Immunology)
Source: Springer protocols feed by Immunology - April 8, 2016 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: news
