Springer protocols feed by Immunology 
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This is an RSS file. You can use it to subscribe to this data in your favourite RSS reader or to display this data on your own website or blog.Polyclonal and Monoclonal Antibodies in Clinic
Immunoglobulins (Ig) or antibodies are heavy plasma proteins, with sugar chains added to amino-acid residues by N-linked glycosylation and occasionally by O-linked glycosylation. The versatility of antibodies is demonstrated by the various functions that they mediate such as neutralization, agglutination, fixation with activation of complement and activation of effector cells. Naturally occurring antibodies protect the organism against harmful pathogens, viruses and infections. In addition, almost any organic chemical induces antibody production of antibodies that would bind specifically to the chemical. These antibodies a...
Source: Springer protocols feed by Immunology - September 20, 2013 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: news
Therapeutic Human Monoclonal Antibodies Against Cancer
There are over 30 monoclonal antibodies that are FDA approved for a variety of diseases ranging from malignancies to autoimmune diseases to macular degeneration. These antibodies include murine, fully humanized, and chimeric antibodies. There are a number of monoclonal antibodies used in the treatment of malignancies; in fact, three of the top five grossing antibodies (bevacizumab, trastuzumab, and rituximab) are used in oncology Scolnik (mAbs 1:179–184, 2009). (Source: Springer protocols feed by Immunology)
Source: Springer protocols feed by Immunology - September 20, 2013 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: news
Therapeutic Human Monoclonal Antibodies in Inflammatory Diseases
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are antibodies of a single antigen specificity produced by identical immune cells, i.e., clones of a common germ cell. They offer unprecedented opportunities to drug development because of their ability to target almost any cell surface or secreted molecule with remarkable efficacy and safety. In this chapter, the application of human mAbs in the treatment of inflammatory diseases is reviewed. We discuss in detail several mAb-based drugs such as anti-tumor necrosis factor (anti-TNF), anti-interleukin-1 (anti-IL-1) receptor, anti-IL-6 receptor, anti-α4 integrin subunit, and anti-CD20 agent...
Source: Springer protocols feed by Immunology - September 20, 2013 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: news
Technical and Ethical Limitations in Making Human Monoclonal Antibodies (An Overview)
In the broadest sense there are no longer any technical limitations to making human mAbs. Biological issues involving the type and nature of either a synthetic or a natural antibody, advantages of various B cell immunological compartments, and various assays needed to qualitate and quantitate mAbs have essentially been solved. If the target antigen is known then procedures to optimize antibody development can be readily planned out and implemented. When the antigen or target is unknown and specificity is the driving force in generating a human mAb then considerations about the nature and location of the B cell making the s...
Source: Springer protocols feed by Immunology - September 20, 2013 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: news
Human Monoclonal Antibodies: The Residual Challenge of Antibody Immunogenicity
One of the major reasons for seeking human monoclonal antibodies has been to eliminate immunogenicity seen with rodent antibodies. Thus far, there has yet been no approach which absolutely abolishes that risk for cell-binding antibodies. In this short article, I draw attention to classical work which shows that monomeric immunoglobulins are intrinsically tolerogenic if they can be prevented from creating aggregates or immune complexes. Based on these classical studies two approaches for active tolerization to therapeutic antibodies are described. (Source: Springer protocols feed by Immunology)
Source: Springer protocols feed by Immunology - September 20, 2013 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: news
Idiotype-Specific Intravenous Immunoglobulin (IVIG) for Therapy of Autoimmune Diseases
Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) is used successfully for therapy of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, especially in cases of conventional therapy resistance. Within the broad spectrum of immunomodulatory activities of IVIG in vitro and in vivo, the anti-idiotypic activity, neutralizing the autoimmune disease related idiotypes, is one of the main mechanism. We and others have proven that from the IVIG composition, diverse fractions of autoimmune disease specific IVIG can be affinity purified (sIVIG). This sIVIG was shown to be more efficient than the whole compound of IVIG in experimental animal models of autoimmune d...
Source: Springer protocols feed by Immunology - September 20, 2013 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: news
Purification of Human Monoclonal Antibodies and Their Fragments
This chapter summarizes the most common chromatographic mAb and mAb fragment purification methods, starting by elucidating the relevant properties of the compounds and introducing the various chromatography modes that are available and useful for this application. A focus is put on the capture step affinity and ion exchange chromatography. Aspects of scalability play an important role in judging the suitability of the methods. The chapter introduces also analytical chromatographic methods that can be utilized for quantification and purity control of the product. In the case of mAbs, for most purposes the purity obtained us...
Source: Springer protocols feed by Immunology - September 20, 2013 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: news
Methods for Radiolabelling of Monoclonal Antibodies
The use of radionuclide labels allows to study the pharmacokinetics of monoclonal antibodies, to control the specificity of their targeting and to monitor the response to an antibody treatment with high accuracy. Selection of label depends on the processing of an antibody after binding to an antigen, and on the character of information to be derived from the study (distribution of antibody in the extracellular space, target occupancy or determination of sites of metabolism). This chapter provides protocols for labelling of antibodies with iodine-125 (suitable also for other radioisotopes of iodine) and with indium-111. Sin...
Source: Springer protocols feed by Immunology - September 20, 2013 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: news
Antigen-Specific In Vitro Immunization: A Source for Human Monoclonal Antibodies
Human monoclonal antibody has great potential for treatment of various diseases utilizing their specificity against antigens. We have shown an in vitro immunization (IVI) protocol inducing antigen-specific immune responses in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) for efficient production of human monoclonal antibodies. By using IVI method antigen specific antibody genes can be efficiently obtained because of increasing production of antigen-specific antibodies from in vitro immunized PBMCs. This IVI protocol will be widely applied for combination with several display methods and enhance the production of human m...
Source: Springer protocols feed by Immunology - September 20, 2013 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: news
Phage Display Technology for Human Monoclonal Antibodies
During the last 15 years in vitro technologies opened powerful routes to combine the generation of large libraries together with fast selection procedures to identify lead candidates. One of the commonest methods is based on the use filamentous phages. Antibodies (Abs) can be displayed successfully on the surface of phage by fusing the coding sequence of the antibody variable (V) regions to the phage minor coat protein pIII. By creating large libraries, antibodies with affinities comparable to those obtained using traditional hybridomas technology can be selected by a series of cycles of selection on antigen. As in this sy...
Source: Springer protocols feed by Immunology - September 20, 2013 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: news
Antigen-Specific Human Monoclonal Antibodies from Transgenic Mice
Due to the difficulties found when generating fully human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) by the traditional method, several efforts have attempted to overcome these problems, with varying levels of success. One approach has been the development of transgenic mice carrying immunoglobulin (Ig) genes in germ line configuration. The engineered mouse genome can undergo productive rearrangement in the B cell population, with the generation of mouse B lymphocytes expressing human Ig (hIg) chains. To avoid the expression of mouse heavy or light chains, the endogenous mouse Ig (mIg) loci must be silenced by gene-targeting techniques....
Source: Springer protocols feed by Immunology - September 20, 2013 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: news
Construction of Human Antibody Gene Libraries and Selection of Antibodies by Phage Display
Antibody phage display is the most commonly used in vitro selection technology and has yielded thousands of useful antibodies for research, diagnostics, and therapy. (Source: Springer protocols feed by Immunology)
Source: Springer protocols feed by Immunology - September 20, 2013 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: news
Construction and Production of an IgG-Like Tetravalent Bispecific Antibody, IgG–Single-Chain Fv Fusion
In recent years, both laboratory and clinical studies have demonstrated that bispecific antibodies (BsAbs) may have significant potential application in cancer therapy either by targeting tumor cells with cytotoxic agents including effector cells, radionuclides, drugs, and toxins, or by simultaneously blocking two tumor-associated targets, e.g., tumor growth factors and/or their cell surface receptors. A major obstacle in the development of BsAb has been the difficulty of producing the materials in sufficient quality and quantity by traditional technologies such as the hybrid hybridoma and chemical conjugation methods. The...
Source: Springer protocols feed by Immunology - September 20, 2013 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: news
Production of Stabilized scFv Antibody Fragments in the E. coli Bacterial Cytoplasm
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are currently the fastest growing class of therapeutic proteins. Parallel to full-length IgG format the development of recombinant technologies provided the production of smaller recombinant antibody variants. The single-chain variable fragment (scFv) antibody is a minimal form of functional antibody comprised of the variable domains of immunoglobulin light and heavy chains connected by a flexible linker. In most cases, scFvs are expressed in the bacterium E. coli. The production of soluble scFvs under the reducing conditions of the E. coli bacterial cytoplasm is inefficient because of the inab...
Source: Springer protocols feed by Immunology - September 20, 2013 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: news
Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) Typing by DNA Sequencing
DNA sequencing is a powerful technique for identifying allelic variation within the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes. Sequencing is usually focused on the most polymorphic exons of the class I (HLA-A, -B, -C) and class II (HLA-DR, -DQ, and -DP) genes. These exons encode the antigen recognition site, the region of the HLA molecule that binds peptides and interacts with the T cell receptor for antigen and natural killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR). Sanger sequencing of amplified DNA from each HLA gene from a preparation containing one or two alleles yields a sequence that is used to identify the alleles by co...
Source: Springer protocols feed by Immunology - January 1, 2013 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: news
