Springer protocols feed by Cancer Research 
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This is an RSS file. You can use it to subscribe to this data in your favourite RSS reader or to display this data on your own website or blog.Spontaneous and Experimental Metastasis Models: Nude Mice
Immunodeficient mice are widely used for cancer research as they can provide an in vivo system in which to study the tumorigenicity and metastatic potential of human cancer cells. The athymic or “nude” mouse has been employed for a variety of experimental analyses of tumor growth, invasion, and metastasis. This chapter describes two types of experimental design for studying metastasis in vivo. The spontaneous metastasis models assess the ability of cells to disseminate from a local tumor, and are commonly initiated by the injection of the cells into an organ reflecting the tissue of origin of the cancer (orthot...
Source: Springer protocols feed by Cancer Research - October 8, 2013 Category: Cancer & Oncology Source Type: news
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Metastases in Xenograft Mouse Models of Cancer
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of small animals has emerged as a valuable tool to noninvasively monitor tumor growth in mouse models of cancer. However, imaging of metastases in mouse models is difficult due to the need for high spatial resolution. We have demonstrated MRI of metastases in the liver, brain, adrenal glands, and lymph nodes in different xenograft mouse models of cancer. MRI of mice was performed with a clinical 3.0 T magnetic resonance scanner and a commercially available small-animal receiver coil. The imaging protocol consisted of T1- and T2-weighted fat-saturated spin echo sequences with a spatial resol...
Source: Springer protocols feed by Cancer Research - October 8, 2013 Category: Cancer & Oncology Source Type: news
Ultrasound-Guided Intracardial Injection and In Vivo Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Single Cells in Mice as a Paradigm for Hematogenous Metastases
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has become an important technique for noninvasive cell tracking in preclinical research. Following appropriate cell labeling MRI can be used to detect larger cell cohorts and also single cells in vivo in mice. Cell distribution to different organs such as brain, liver, spleen, and kidneys can be visualized, semi-quantified, and followed over time. Thus, the fate of single tumor cells and their eventual development to solid metastases could be investigated. Mesenchymal stromal cells can be used as a paradigm for metastasizing tumor cells. We have demonstrated a strategy for magnetic and fluo...
Source: Springer protocols feed by Cancer Research - October 8, 2013 Category: Cancer & Oncology Source Type: news
The PFP/RAG2 Double-Knockout Mouse in Metastasis Research: Small-Cell Lung Cancer and Prostate Cancer
Patients with small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) and prostate cancer (PCa) as well as other solid tumors may have micro- or macro-metastatic spread at an early stage of the disease. SCLC and PCa xenograft transfer models in immunodeficient mice fail to model this metastatic spread in vivo. In both tumor types the depletion of NK cells found in immunodeficient mice results in an increased number of spontaneous metastases, mirroring the clinical situation where NK cell activity in patients is related to metastatic spread of the disease. As a result NK cell activity directly influences treatment options and mortality. Newly develo...
Source: Springer protocols feed by Cancer Research - October 8, 2013 Category: Cancer & Oncology Source Type: news
Ultrasound Techniques for the Detection of Tumors and Metastases in Small Animals
Small animals are widely used for the identification of new therapeutic targets and the evaluation of potential anticancer therapies. To study tumors and metastasis in longitudinal studies of tumor progression, fast noninvasive and easy-to-handle imaging modalities are required. Here, techniques for the analysis of tumors and metastases by ultrasound imaging are described and the potential technical pitfalls are discussed. (Source: Springer protocols feed by Cancer Research)
Source: Springer protocols feed by Cancer Research - October 8, 2013 Category: Cancer & Oncology Source Type: news
Imaging Metastatic Cell Trafficking at the Cellular Level In Vivo with Fluorescent Proteins
Fluorescent proteins have revolutionized biology, allowing what was formerly invisible to be clearly seen. The Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded in 2008 for the discovery and early use of green fluorescent protein (GFP) as a genetic reporter. Our laboratory pioneered the use of GFP for in vivo imaging. In this chapter we review the developments within our research on subcellular imaging of metastatic trafficking of cancer cells carried out in real time in mice. Dual-color fluorescent cells, with one color fluorescent protein in the nucleus and another color fluorescent protein in the cytoplasm, enable real-time nuclear-...
Source: Springer protocols feed by Cancer Research - October 8, 2013 Category: Cancer & Oncology Source Type: news
Imageable Clinically Relevant Mouse Models of Metastasis
In the past 10 years, we have developed a new approach to the development of a clinically accurate rodent model for human cancer based on our invention of surgical orthotopic implantation (SOI). The SOI models have been described in approx. 70 publications and in 4 patents.*SOI allows human tumors of all the major types of human cancer to reproduce clinical like tumor growth and metastasis in the transplanted rodents. The major features of the SOI models are reviewed here and also compared to transgenic mouse models of cancer. (Source: Springer protocols feed by Cancer Research)
Source: Springer protocols feed by Cancer Research - October 8, 2013 Category: Cancer & Oncology Source Type: news
Syngeneic Murine Metastasis Models: B16 Melanoma
The murine B16 melanoma is one of the most used tumor models, its application having been used to determine the mechanisms associated with the metastatic process and the development of anticancer therapies. The B16 melanoma was originally established by Fidler and collaborators as a tumor line metastasizing to the lung. Since that time a variety of cell lines have been derived, in vitro or in vivo, having different metastatic behaviors. (Source: Springer protocols feed by Cancer Research)
Source: Springer protocols feed by Cancer Research - October 8, 2013 Category: Cancer & Oncology Source Type: news
Flow Cytometric MRD Detection in Selected Mature B-Cell Malignancies
The quantification of submicroscopic minimal residual disease (MRD) after therapy proved to have independent prognostic significance in many mature B-cell malignancies. With the advent of routine bench-top cytometers capable of simultaneously analyzing ≥4 colors and with improved standardization, flow cytometry has become the method of choice for MRD assessments in some lymphoma entities. Herein we describe general aspects of flow cytometric standardization. Using chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) as examples we explain in detail the application of flow cytometry for MRD detection. (Sourc...
Source: Springer protocols feed by Cancer Research - January 11, 2013 Category: Cancer & Oncology Source Type: news
Stereotyped B Cell Receptors in B Cell Leukemias and Lymphomas
Recent research has revealed the existence of subsets (clusters) of patients with different types of B-cell lymphomas and leukemias with restricted, “stereotyped” immunoglobulin (IG) variable heavy complementarity-determining region 3 (VH CDR3) sequences within their B cell receptors (BcR), suggesting selection by common epitopes or classes of structurally similar epitopes. BcR stereotypy was initially described in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), where it constitutes a remarkably frequent feature of the IG repertoire, and subsequently identified in other malignancies, including mantle cell lymphoma and sple...
Source: Springer protocols feed by Cancer Research - January 11, 2013 Category: Cancer & Oncology Source Type: news
The Detection of Chromosomal Translocations Involving the Immunoglobulin Loci in B-Cell Malignancies
Chromosomal translocations involving the immunoglobulin (IG) loci are frequently seen in most subtypes of B-cell malignancy and have both diagnostic and prognostic utility. These translocations can be detected in clinical samples by several techniques including metaphase cytogenetics, interphase fluorescent in situ hybridization, and a variety of PCR methods; interphase FISH is the most commonly used clinical method. Although all the common IG translocations have been identified and cloned, new IG translocations continue to be identified in both B-cell leukemia and lymphoma. It remains important to identify the involved ta...
Source: Springer protocols feed by Cancer Research - January 11, 2013 Category: Cancer & Oncology Source Type: news
Studying the Replication History of Human B Lymphocytes by Real-Time Quantitative (RQ)-PCR
The cells of the adaptive immune system, B and T lymphocytes, each generate a unique antigen receptor through V(D)J recombination of their immunoglobulin (Ig) and T cell receptor (TCR) loci, respectively. Such rearrangements join coding elements to form a coding joint and delete the intervening DNA as circular excision products containing the signal joint. These excision circles are stable structures that cannot replicate and have no function in the cell. Since the coding joint in the genome is replicated with each cell division, the ratio between coding joints and signal joints in a population of B cells can be used as a ...
Source: Springer protocols feed by Cancer Research - January 11, 2013 Category: Cancer & Oncology Source Type: news
Expression Cloning of Human B Cell Immunoglobulins
The majority of lymphomas originate from B cells at the germinal center stage or beyond. Preferential selection of B cell clones by a limited set of antigens has been suggested to drive lymphoma development. However, little is known about the specificity of the antibodies expressed by lymphoma cells, and the role of antibody-specificity in lymphomagenesis remains elusive. Here, we describe a strategy to characterize the antibody reactivity of human B cells. The approach allows the unbiased characterization of the human antibody repertoire on a single cell level through the generation of recombinant monoclonal antibodies fr...
Source: Springer protocols feed by Cancer Research - January 11, 2013 Category: Cancer & Oncology Source Type: news
PCR-Based Analysis of Rearranged Immunoglobulin or T-Cell Receptor Genes by GeneScan Analysis or Heteroduplex Analysis for Clonality Assessment in Lymphoma Diagnostics
The assessment of the presence of clonal lymphoproliferations via polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based analysis of rearranged immunoglobulin (Ig) or T-cell receptor (TCR) genes is a valuable technique in the diagnosis of suspect lymphoproliferative disorders. Furthermore this technique is more and more used to evaluate dissemination of non-Hodgkin lymphoma and/or the presence of (minimal) residual disease. In this chapter we describe an integrated approach to assess clonality via analysis of Ig heavy chain (IGH), Ig kappa (IGK), TCR beta (TCRB), and TCR gamma (TCRG) gene rearrangements. The described PCR protocol is based...
Source: Springer protocols feed by Cancer Research - January 11, 2013 Category: Cancer & Oncology Source Type: news
Laser-Based Microdissection of Single Cells from Tissue Sections and PCR Analysis of Rearranged Immunoglobulin Genes from Isolated Normal and Malignant Human B Cells
We describe here an approach to isolate single cells from frozen tissue sections by microdissection using a laser-based method. From the isolated cells rearranged IgH and Igκ genes are amplified in a semi-nested PCR approach, using a collection of V gene family-specific primers recognizing nearly all V gene segments together with primers for the J gene segments. By sequence analysis of V genes from distinct cells, the clonal relationship of the B lineage cells can unequivocally be determined and related to the histological distribution of the cells. The approach is also useful to determine V, D, and J gene usage. Mor...
Source: Springer protocols feed by Cancer Research - January 11, 2013 Category: Cancer & Oncology Source Type: news
