Editorial Board
Publication date: September 2018Source: Evolution and Human Behavior, Volume 39, Issue 5Author(s): (Source: Evolution and Human Behavior)
Source: Evolution and Human Behavior - July 10, 2018 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
Correcting for base rates in multidimensional “Who said what?” experiments
Publication date: September 2018Source: Evolution and Human Behavior, Volume 39, Issue 5Author(s): Alexander BorAbstractThe “Who said what?” protocol is a popular experimental paradigm and has been used for 40 years to study spontaneous mental categorization. This paper offers a crucial methodological improvement to calculate unbiased estimates in multidimensional “Who said what?” studies. Previous studies predominantly corrected for base rates by first correcting the base rates and consequently aggregating errors for the two dimensions separately. The paper demonstrates that this procedure's estimates are biased...
Source: Evolution and Human Behavior - July 10, 2018 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
A reanalysis of crossed-dimension “Who Said What?” paradigm studies, using a better error base-rate correction
Publication date: September 2018Source: Evolution and Human Behavior, Volume 39, Issue 5Author(s): David PietraszewskiAbstractCognitive and evolutionarily-minded researchers have increasingly adopted the “Who Said What?” memory-confusion paradigm, a powerful and sensitive paradigm originating from social psychology which allows researchers to unobtrusively measure social categorization. The paradigm has been particularly important over the past two decades for arbitrating between different functionalist hypotheses about the evolved social mind. Bor (2018) has pointed out, however, that the simple arithmetic base-rate c...
Source: Evolution and Human Behavior - July 10, 2018 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
The cognitive and cultural foundations of moral behavior
Publication date: September 2018Source: Evolution and Human Behavior, Volume 39, Issue 5Author(s): Benjamin Grant Purzycki, Anne C. Pisor, Coren Apicella, Quentin Atkinson, Emma Cohen, Joseph Henrich, Richard McElreath, Rita A. McNamara, Ara Norenzayan, Aiyana K. Willard, Dimitris XygalatasAbstractDoes moral culture contribute to the evolution of cooperation? Here, we examine individuals' and communities' models of what it means to be good and bad and how they correspond to corollary behavior across a variety of socioecological contexts. Our sample includes over 600 people from eight different field sites that include fora...
Source: Evolution and Human Behavior - July 10, 2018 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
Societal background influences social learning in cooperative decision making
Publication date: September 2018Source: Evolution and Human Behavior, Volume 39, Issue 5Author(s): Lucas Molleman, Simon GächterAbstractHumans owe their ecological success to their great capacities for social learning and cooperation: learning from others helps individuals adjust to their environment and can promote cooperation in groups. Classic and recent studies indicate that the cultural organization of societies shapes the influence of social information on decision making and suggest that collectivist values (prioritizing the group relative to the individual) increase tendencies to conform to the majority. However, ...
Source: Evolution and Human Behavior - July 10, 2018 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
Collaborative and competitive motivations uniquely impact infants' racial categorization
Publication date: September 2018Source: Evolution and Human Behavior, Volume 39, Issue 5Author(s): Matar Ferera, Andrew Scott Baron, Gil DiesendruckAbstractHuman history has been plagued by violent inter-group conflicts. Such conflicts are arguably grounded on group biases – particularly, a tendency to favor “ingroups” over “outgroups” – manifested in adults, children, and infants. A question these findings prompt is what motivates social categorization? Here it is shown that priming 14-month-old infants (N = 144) with collaborative or competitive interactions affects their capacity to form racial categorie...
Source: Evolution and Human Behavior - July 10, 2018 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
The financial cost of status signaling: Expansive postural displays are associated with a reduction in the receipt of altruistic donations
We examined the impact of a nonverbal display (expansive posture) that, by signaling high status, simultaneously cues both low need and high competence, on actual altruistic behaviors: donations of financial aid to needy individuals. Across three studies using ecologically valid data drawn from a micro-lending charity website, men who displayed expansive posture while requesting aid faced a substantial reduction in the amount of aid they received; this effect held controlling for a range of relevant covariates. These findings demonstrate that: (a) altruists bias their giving toward those in greater need rather those who ma...
Source: Evolution and Human Behavior - July 10, 2018 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
Friends without benefits: When we react negatively to helpful and generous friends
Publication date: September 2018Source: Evolution and Human Behavior, Volume 39, Issue 5Author(s): Anam Barakzai, Alex ShawAbstractBeing able to identify reliable friends and allies is key to surviving and thriving in the social world. Many cooperative accounts of friendship argue that people select friends based on how helpful and generous they are. While people certainly like helpful and generous others, here we explore a context in which people might respond negatively to a friend being prosocial: When one's friend is more helpful or generous toward another friend. We argue that such preferential prosociality prompts ne...
Source: Evolution and Human Behavior - July 10, 2018 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
Investigating the link between television viewing and men's preferences for female body size and shape in rural Nicaragua
Publication date: September 2018Source: Evolution and Human Behavior, Volume 39, Issue 5Author(s): Tracey Thornborrow, Jean-Luc Jucker, Lynda G. Boothroyd, Martin J. TovéeAbstractThe different levels of media access in otherwise very similar villages in rural Nicaragua provided a natural laboratory to explore the effect of television (TV) access on men's preferences for female body size and shape. In study 1 we compared the female body ideals of men from three discrete villages who experienced different levels of TV but otherwise inhabited a similar ecological and sociocultural environment. 3D modelling software enabled p...
Source: Evolution and Human Behavior - July 10, 2018 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
The true trigger of shame: social devaluation is sufficient, wrongdoing is unnecessary
Publication date: September 2018Source: Evolution and Human Behavior, Volume 39, Issue 5Author(s): Theresa E. Robertson, Daniel Sznycer, Andrew W. Delton, John Tooby, Leda CosmidesAbstractWhat is the trigger of shame? The information threat theory holds that shame is an evolved adaptation that is designed to limit the likelihood and costs of others forming negative beliefs about the self. By contrast, attributional theories posit that concerns over others' evaluations are irrelevant to shame. Instead, shame is triggered when a person attributes a negative outcome to their self, rather than to a particular act or circumstan...
Source: Evolution and Human Behavior - July 10, 2018 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
Is birth attendance a uniquely human feature? New evidence suggests that Bonobo females protect and support the parturient
Publication date: September 2018Source: Evolution and Human Behavior, Volume 39, Issue 5Author(s): Elisa Demuru, Pier Francesco Ferrari, Elisabetta PalagiAbstractBirth attendance has been proposed as a distinguishing feature of humans (Homo sapiens) and it has been linked to the difficulty of the delivery process in our species. Here, we provide the first quantitative study based on video-recordings of the social dynamics around three births in captive bonobos (Pan paniscus), human closest living relative along with the chimpanzee. We show that the general features defining traditional birth attendance in humans can also b...
Source: Evolution and Human Behavior - July 10, 2018 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
Why conceal? Evidence for concealed sex by dominant Arabian babblers (Turdoides squamiceps)
We examined whether birds indeed conceal sex and tested different hypotheses, postulating that sex concealment functions to avoid predators, signal dominance status, or to avoid social interference. The results showed that birds concealed 100% of copulations; did not prefer to copulate under shelters; concealed mating solicitations from adult conspecifics; and that subordinates did not attack dominants who courted the female. We argue that none of the hypotheses tested explains our findings satisfactorily and postulate that dominants conceal sex to maintain cooperation with those helpers they prevent from mating. Empirical...
Source: Evolution and Human Behavior - July 5, 2018 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
Every rose has its thorn: Infants' responses to pointed shapes in naturalistic contexts
Publication date: Available online 7 June 2018Source: Evolution and Human BehaviorAuthor(s): Aleksandra Włodarczyk, Claudia Elsner, Alexandra Schmitterer, Annie E. WertzAbstractPlants produce dangerous chemical and physical defenses that have shaped the physiology and behavior of the herbivorous predators that feed on them. Here we explore the impact that these plant defenses may have had on humans by testing infants' responses to plants with and without sharp-looking thorns. To do this, we presented 8- to 18-month-olds with plants and control stimuli and measured their initial reaching behavior and subsequent object expl...
Source: Evolution and Human Behavior - July 5, 2018 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
Do men with more masculine voices have better immunocompetence?
Publication date: Available online 8 June 2018Source: Evolution and Human BehaviorAuthor(s): Steven Arnocky, Carolyn R. Hodges-Simeon, Danielle Ouellette, Graham AlbertAbstractThe human voice is often considered to be a secondary sexual characteristic that signals underlying information about the immunocompetence of the speaker (i.e. the immunocompetence handicap hypothesis; ICHH). However, no studies have yet shown a relationship between vocal characteristics and biomarkers of immune function or self-reported health. In a sample of 108 men, we examined correlations between masculine vocal characteristics [i.e. relatively ...
Source: Evolution and Human Behavior - July 5, 2018 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
Who suppresses female sexuality? An examination of support for Islamic veiling in a secular Muslim democracy as a function of sex and offspring sex
Publication date: Available online 12 June 2018Source: Evolution and Human BehaviorAuthor(s): Khandis R. Blake, Maleke Fourati, Robert C. BrooksAbstractWhether it is men or women who suppress female sexuality has important implications for understanding gendered relations, ultimately providing insight into one widespread cause of female disadvantage. The question of which sex suppresses female sexuality more avidly, however, neglects that our interests are never unambiguously masculine or feminine; each of us has a combination of male and female kin which alters how much of our future fitness derive from each sex. Here we ...
Source: Evolution and Human Behavior - July 5, 2018 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
