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The Comprehensive AOCMF Classification System: Midface Fractures - Level 3 Tutorial
Cranial Maxillofac Trauma Reconstruction 2014; 07: S068-S091DOI: 10.1055/s-0034-1389561This tutorial outlines the details of the AOCMF image-based classification system for fractures of the midface at the precision level 3. The topography of the different midface regions (central midface—upper central midface, intermediate central midface, lower central midface—incorporating the naso-orbito-ethmoid region; lateral midface—zygoma and zygomatic arch, palate) is subdivided in much greater detail than in level 2 going beyond the Le Fort fracture types and its analogs. The level 3 midface classification system is presente...
Source: Craniomaxillofacial Trauma and Reconstruction - November 21, 2014 Category: ENT & OMF Authors: Cornelius, Carl-PeterAudigé, LaurentKunz, ChristophBuitrago-Téllez, Carlos H.Rudderman, RandalPrein, Joachim Tags: Tutorial Article Source Type: research

The Comprehensive AOCMF Classification System: Midface Fractures - Level 2 Tutorial
Cranial Maxillofac Trauma Reconstruction 2014; 07: S059-S067DOI: 10.1055/s-0034-1389560The AOCMF Classification Group developed a hierarchical three-level craniomaxillofacial classification system with increasing level of complexity and details. The highest level 1 system distinguish four major anatomical units including the mandible (code 91), midface (code 92), skull base (code 93), and cranial vault (code 94). This tutorial presents the level 2 system for the midface unit that concentrates on the location of the fractures within defined regions in the central (upper, intermediate, and lower) and lateral (zygoma, pterygo...
Source: Craniomaxillofacial Trauma and Reconstruction - November 21, 2014 Category: ENT & OMF Authors: Kunz, ChristophAudigé, LaurentCornelius, Carl-PeterBuitrago-Téllez, Carlos H.Frodel, JohnRudderman, RandalPrein, Joachim Tags: Tutorial Article Source Type: research

The Comprehensive AOCMF Classification System: Condylar Process Fractures - Level 3 Tutorial
Cranial Maxillofac Trauma Reconstruction 2014; 07: S044-S058DOI: 10.1055/s-0034-1389559This tutorial outlines the detailed system for fractures of the condylar process at the precision level 3 and is organized in a sequence of sections dealing with the description of the classification system within topographical subdivisions along with rules for fracture coding and a series of case examples with clinical imaging. Basically, the condylar process comprises three fracture levels and is subdivided into the head region, the condylar neck, and the condylar base. Fractures of the condylar head show typical fracture lines either ...
Source: Craniomaxillofacial Trauma and Reconstruction - November 21, 2014 Category: ENT & OMF Authors: Neff, AndreasCornelius, Carl-PeterRasse, MichaelTorre, Daniel DallaAudigé, Laurent Tags: Tutorial Article Source Type: research

The Comprehensive AOCMF Classification System: Mandible Fractures-Level 3 Tutorial
Cranial Maxillofac Trauma Reconstruction 2014; 07: S031-S043DOI: 10.1055/s-0034-1389558This tutorial outlines the details of the AOCMF image-based classification system for fractures of the mandibular arch (i.e. the non-condylar mandible) at the precision level 3. It is the logical expansion of the fracture allocation to topographic mandibular sites outlined in level 2, and is based on three-dimensional (3D) imaging techniques/computed tomography (CT)/cone beam CT). Level 3 allows an anatomical description of the individual conditions of the mandibular arch such as the preinjury dental state and the degree of alveolar atro...
Source: Craniomaxillofacial Trauma and Reconstruction - November 21, 2014 Category: ENT & OMF Authors: Cornelius, Carl-PeterAudigé, LaurentKunz, ChristophRudderman, RandalBuitrago-Téllez, Carlos H.Frodel, JohnPrein, Joachim Tags: Tutorial Article Source Type: research

The Comprehensive AOCMF Classification System: Mandible Fractures- Level 2 Tutorial
Cranial Maxillofac Trauma Reconstruction 2014; 07: S015-S030DOI: 10.1055/s-0034-1389557This tutorial outlines the details of the AOCMF image-based classification system for fractures of the mandible at the precision level 2 allowing description of their topographical distribution. A short introduction about the anatomy is made. Mandibular fractures are classified by the anatomic regions involved. For this purpose, the mandible is delineated into an array of nine regions identified by letters: the symphysis/parasymphysis region anteriorly, two body regions on each lateral side, combined angle and ascending ramus regions, an...
Source: Craniomaxillofacial Trauma and Reconstruction - November 21, 2014 Category: ENT & OMF Authors: Cornelius, Carl-PeterAudigé, LaurentKunz, ChristophRudderman, RandalBuitrago-Téllez, Carlos H.Frodel, JohnPrein, Joachim Tags: Tutorial Article Source Type: research

The First AO Classification System for Fractures of the Craniomaxillofacial Skeleton: Rationale, Methodological Background, Developmental Process, and Objectives
Cranial Maxillofac Trauma Reconstruction 2014; 07: S006-S014DOI: 10.1055/s-0034-1389556Validated trauma classification systems are the sole means to provide the basis for reliable documentation and evaluation of patient care, which will open the gateway to evidence-based procedures and healthcare in the coming years. With the support of AO Investigation and Documentation, a classification group was established to develop and evaluate a comprehensive classification system for craniomaxillofacial (CMF) fractures. Blueprints for fracture classification in the major constituents of the human skull were drafted and then evaluat...
Source: Craniomaxillofacial Trauma and Reconstruction - November 21, 2014 Category: ENT & OMF Authors: Audigé, LaurentCornelius, Carl-PeterIeva, Antonio DiPrein, Joachim Tags: Introduction Source Type: research

The First Comprehensive AO Classification System for Fractures of the Craniomaxillofacial Skeleton
Cranial Maxillofac Trauma Reconstruction 2014; 07: S004-S005DOI: 10.1055/s-0034-1390323by AO Foundation AOCMF Clavadelerstrasse 8 7270 Davos SwitzerlandArticle in Thieme eJournals:Table of contents  |  Full text (Source: Craniomaxillofacial Trauma and Reconstruction)
Source: Craniomaxillofacial Trauma and Reconstruction - November 21, 2014 Category: ENT & OMF Authors: Prein, JoachimAudigé, Laurent Tags: Preface Source Type: research

CMF Classification
Cranial Maxillofac Trauma Reconstruction 2014; 07: S001-S003DOI: 10.1055/s-0034-1390071by AO Foundation AOCMF Clavadelerstrasse 8 7270 Davos SwitzerlandArticle in Thieme eJournals:Table of contents  |  Full text (Source: Craniomaxillofacial Trauma and Reconstruction)
Source: Craniomaxillofacial Trauma and Reconstruction - November 21, 2014 Category: ENT & OMF Authors: Manson, Paul N.Hollier, LarrySchubert, Warren Tags: Foreword Source Type: research

Biomechanical Comparison of Four Mandibular Angle Fracture Fixation Techniques
Cranial Maxillofac Trauma ReconstructionDOI: 10.1055/s-0034-1393737The aim of this study was to make a comparison of the biomechanical behavior of four different internal fixation systems for mandibular angle fractures. A total of 40 polyurethane mandible replicas were employed with different fixation methods: group 1SP, one 2.0-mm four-hole miniplate; group 2PPL, two 2.0-mm four-hole parallel miniplates; group 3DP, one 3D 2.0-mm four-hole miniplate; and group 3DPP, one 3D 2.0-mm eight-hole miniplate. Each group was subjected to incisal or homolateral molar region loading. The load resistance values were measured at load a...
Source: Craniomaxillofacial Trauma and Reconstruction - November 20, 2014 Category: ENT & OMF Authors: Muñante-Cardenas, Jose LuisPasseri, Luis Augusto Tags: Original Article Source Type: research

Analysis of Mandibular Test Specimens Used to Assess a Bone Fixation System
Cranial Maxillofac Trauma ReconstructionDOI: 10.1055/s-0034-1393732The aim of this study was to assess through biomechanical testing if different synthetic materials used to fabricate test specimens have a different biomechanical behavior in comparison with other materials when simulating in vitro load resistance of a fixation method established for sagittal split ramus osteotomy (SSRO). Thirty synthetic and standardized human hemimandible replicas with SSRO were divided into three groups of 10 samples each. Group A—ABS plastic; Group B—polyamide; and Group C—polyurethane. These were fixated with three bicortical pos...
Source: Craniomaxillofacial Trauma and Reconstruction - November 20, 2014 Category: ENT & OMF Authors: Baccarin, Leandro StoccoCasarin, Renato Correa VianaLopes-da-Silva, Jorge VicentePasseri, Luis Augusto Tags: Original Article Source Type: research

Cranioplasty for Large-Sized Calvarial Defects in the Pediatric Population: A Review
Cranial Maxillofac Trauma ReconstructionDOI: 10.1055/s-0034-1395880Large-sized calvarial defects in pediatric patients pose a reconstructive challenge because of children's unique physiology, developing anatomy, and dynamic growth. We review the current literature and outcomes with autologous and alloplastic cranioplasty in the pediatric population.[...]Thieme Medical Publishers 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001, USA.Article in Thieme eJournals:Table of contents  |  Abstract  |  Full text (Source: Craniomaxillofacial Trauma and Reconstruction)
Source: Craniomaxillofacial Trauma and Reconstruction - November 20, 2014 Category: ENT & OMF Authors: Lam, SandiKuether, JustinFong, AbigailReid, Russell Tags: Invited Paper Source Type: research

Pneumosinus Dilatans Helping Subcranial Resection in a Patient with Advanced Ethmoid Malignancy
Cranial Maxillofac Trauma ReconstructionDOI: 10.1055/s-0034-1393736Subcranial approach is a useful procedure in the management of limited anterior skull base tumors. But the posterior and superior visualization may be limited, in ethmoid malignancies with a large intracranial extension. A 55-year-old male patient, a case of an ethmoid malignancy, with a large intracranial component was resected with adequate margins by a subcranial approach. The coincident pneumosinus dilatans helped the surgical resection. This case demonstrates that assessment of pneumatization of the frontal sinus is as important as the size and extent ...
Source: Craniomaxillofacial Trauma and Reconstruction - November 20, 2014 Category: ENT & OMF Authors: Joseph, Shawn T.Thankappan, KrishnakumarBuggaveeti, RahulIyer, Subramania Tags: Case Report Source Type: research

Current Concepts of Bone Tissue Engineering for Craniofacial Bone Defect Repair
Cranial Maxillofac Trauma ReconstructionDOI: 10.1055/s-0034-1393724Craniofacial fractures and bony defects are common causes of morbidity and contribute to increasing health care costs. Successful regeneration of bone requires the concomitant processes of osteogenesis and neovascularization. Current methods of repair and reconstruction include rigid fixation, grafting, and free tissue transfer. However, these methods carry innate complications, including plate extrusion, nonunion, graft/flap failure, and donor site morbidity. Recent research efforts have focused on using stem cells and synthetic scaffolds to heal critical-...
Source: Craniomaxillofacial Trauma and Reconstruction - November 18, 2014 Category: ENT & OMF Authors: Fishero, Brian AlanKohli, NikitaDas, AnusuyaChristophel, John JaredCui, Quanjun Tags: Review Article Source Type: research

Experience with Mandibular Reconstruction Using Transport-Disc-Distraction Osteogenesis
Cranial Maxillofac Trauma ReconstructionDOI: 10.1055/s-0034-1393729The goal of transport-disc-distraction osteogenesis (TDDO) is to restore bone continuity by using in-situ bone. It may be useful following trauma, gunshot injuries, or tumor ablation, especially when there may be contraindications at the donor site or for prolonged surgery. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first time TDDO has been used for mandibular reconstruction reporting additional procedures, which include osseointegrated dental implants rehabilitation and orthognathic surgery. A retrospective study is performed analyzing all mandibul...
Source: Craniomaxillofacial Trauma and Reconstruction - November 18, 2014 Category: ENT & OMF Authors: Pingarrón-Martín, LorenaOtero, T. GonzálezGallo, L.J. Arias Tags: Original Article Source Type: research

Ascher Syndrome: Report of a Case with Early Manifestations
Cranial Maxillofac Trauma ReconstructionDOI: 10.1055/s-0034-1395881Ascher syndrome is a disease of unknown etiology first described in 1920 by Ascher, an ophthalmologist from Prague. It presents with recurrent edema of the lip and upper eyelid resulting in double lip and blepharochalasis. In 10% of cases the idiopathic nontoxic thyroid enlargement also occurs. Because of its rarity, it is often undiagnosed. A case of early onset is presented with its respective surgical treatment and outcome.[...]Thieme Medical Publishers 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001, USA.Article in Thieme eJournals:Table of contents  |  Abst...
Source: Craniomaxillofacial Trauma and Reconstruction - November 18, 2014 Category: ENT & OMF Authors: Molina, SantiagoMedard, PabloGaldeano, Marcelo Tags: Case Report Source Type: research