Lipoprotein(a) and cardiovascular disease in diabetic patients.
Authors: Qi Q, Qi L
Abstract
Lipoprotein(a) (Lp[a]) is a LDL-like particle consisting of an ApoA moiety linked to one molecule of ApoB(100). Recent data from large-scale prospective studies and genetic association studies provide highly suggestive evidence for a potentially causal role of Lp(a) in affecting risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in general populations. Patients with Type 2 diabetes display clustered metabolic abnormalities and elevated risk of CVD. Lower plasma Lp(a) levels were observed in diabetic patients in several recent studies. Epidemiology studies of Lp(a) and CVD risk in diabetic pa...
Source: Clinical Lipidology - September 22, 2015 Category: Lipidology Tags: Clin Lipidol Source Type: research
Utilizing imaging tools in lipidology: examining the potential of MRI for monitoring cholesterol therapy.
Authors: Zhao XQ, Kerwin WS
Abstract
Lipid abnormalities play important roles in the development of atherosclerosis. Lipid therapies result in alterations in atherosclerotic plaques including halting of progression of the plaque, lipid transport out of the plaque and reducing inflammatory activity, which lead to plaque morphologies that are less prone to disruption, the main cause of clinical events. In order to investigate and monitor plaque morphological changes during lipid therapy in vivo we need an imaging method that can provide accurate assessment of plaque tissue components and activity. MRI of ath...
Source: Clinical Lipidology - September 22, 2015 Category: Lipidology Tags: Clin Lipidol Source Type: research
Could plasma sphingolipids be diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease?
Authors: Mielke MM, Haughey NJ
Abstract
Understanding the etiopathological processes of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in the preclinical and early clinical stages will be important in developing new therapeutic targets and biomarkers. There is growing consensus that nonamyloid targets will be necessary to reverse or slow AD progression. Lipidomic, metabolomic and targeted approaches have identified pathways and products of sphingolipid metabolism that are altered early in the course of AD and contribute to the neuropathological alterations associated with AD, including amyloid-β production, tau formation and n...
Source: Clinical Lipidology - September 22, 2015 Category: Lipidology Tags: Clin Lipidol Source Type: research
Mechanisms of oxysterol-induced disease: insights from the biliary system.
Authors: Kuver R
Abstract
Oxysterols are oxidized species of cholesterol that are derived from exogenous (e.g. dietary) and endogenous (in vivo) sources. Oxysterols play critical roles in normal physiologic functions as well as in pathophysiologic processes in a variety of organ systems. This review provides an overview of oxysterol biology from the vantage point of the biliary system. Several oxysterols have been identified in human bile in the context of biliary tract infection and inflammation. This finding has led to investigations regarding the potential pathophysiologic significance of biliary oxyste...
Source: Clinical Lipidology - September 22, 2015 Category: Lipidology Tags: Clin Lipidol Source Type: research
Examining the role of lipid mediators in diabetic retinopathy.
Authors: Busik JV, Esselman WJ, Reid GE
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy is the most disabling complication of diabetes, affecting 65% of patients after 10 years of the disease. Current treatment options for diabetic retinopathy are highly invasive and fall short of complete amelioration of the disease. Understanding the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy is critical to the development of more effective treatment options. Diabetic hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia are the main metabolic insults that affect retinal degeneration in diabetes. Although the role of hyperglycemia in inducing diabetic retinopathy has...
Source: Clinical Lipidology - September 22, 2015 Category: Lipidology Tags: Clin Lipidol Source Type: research
CPT1A: the future of heart disease detection and personalized medicine?
Authors: Irvin MR, Aslibekyan S, Hidalgo B, Arnett D
PMID: 25774225 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Clinical Lipidology)
Source: Clinical Lipidology - September 22, 2015 Category: Lipidology Tags: Clin Lipidol Source Type: research
Regulating intestinal function to reduce atherogenic lipoproteins.
This article provides a brief overview of dietary lipid metabolism and studies in mice supporting the hypothesis that intestinal lipoproteins contribute to atherosclerosis. Deficiencies in lipoprotein lipase and Gpihbp1, and overexpression of heparanse in mice, are associated with increases in atherosclerosis, suggesting that defects in catabolism of larger lipoproteins in the plasma contribute to atherosclerosis. Furthermore, inositol-requiring enzyme 1β-deficient mice that produce more intestinal lipoproteins also develop more atherosclerosis. Thus, increases in plasma intestinal lipoproteins due to either overproductio...
Source: Clinical Lipidology - September 22, 2015 Category: Lipidology Tags: Clin Lipidol Source Type: research
Lipid signals and insulin resistance.
Authors: Zhang C, Klett EL, Coleman RA
Abstract
The metabolic syndrome, a cluster of metabolic derangements that include obesity, glucose intolerance, dyslipidemia and hypertension, is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Insulin resistance has been proposed to be the common feature that links obesity to the metabolic syndrome, but the mechanism remains obscure. Although the excess content of triacylglycerol in muscle and liver is highly associated with insulin resistance in these tissues, triacylglycerol itself is not causal but merely a marker. Thus, attention has turned to the accumulation of...
Source: Clinical Lipidology - September 22, 2015 Category: Lipidology Tags: Clin Lipidol Source Type: research
Setting the course for apoAII: a port in sight?
Authors: Pownall HJ, Gillard BK, Gotto AM
Abstract
ApoAII, the second most abundant protein of the human plasma HDLs, was discovered nearly 50 years ago. Over the subsequent years, nearly 2000 studies - epidemiological, cell-based, biochemical, mouse and human - have attempted to unravel its role in human lipid metabolism. On the basis of these studies, apoAII has been described as an activator and inhibitor of various plasma activities, and as both pro- and anti-atherogenic. Here, we summarize the studies of apoAII, use the preponderance of evidence to propose that the apoAII compass can be reset towards ...
Source: Clinical Lipidology - September 22, 2015 Category: Lipidology Tags: Clin Lipidol Source Type: research
Monogenic causes of elevated HDL cholesterol and implications for development of new therapeutics.
Authors: Larach DB, Cuchel M, Rader DJ
Abstract
Identification of the CETP, LIPG (encoding endothelial lipase) and APOC3 genes, and ana lysis of rare genetic variants in them, have allowed researchers to increase understanding of HDL metabolism significantly. However, development of cardiovascular risk-reducing therapeutics targeting the proteins encoded by these genes has been less straightforward. The failure of two CETP inhibitors is complex but illustrates a possible over-reliance on HDL cholesterol as a marker of therapeutic efficacy. The case of endothelial lipase exemplifies the importance of utiliz...
Source: Clinical Lipidology - September 22, 2015 Category: Lipidology Tags: Clin Lipidol Source Type: research
The interaction between metabolism, cancer and cardiovascular disease, connected by 27-hydroxycholesterol.
Authors: Lee WR, Ishikawa T, Umetani M
Abstract
Oxysterols are metabolites of cholesterol that are produced in liver and other peripheral tissues as a means to eliminate cholesterol to bile acid. Recent studies have revealed that the most abundant circulating oxysterol 27-hydroxycholesterol (27HC) is the first identified endogenous selective estrogen receptor modulator. 27HC levels correlate well with that of cholesterol, and also rise progressively with age. 27HC affects estrogen receptor function by the antagonism of estrogen action and also by the direct modulation of the receptor function, and similar ...
Source: Clinical Lipidology - September 22, 2015 Category: Lipidology Tags: Clin Lipidol Source Type: research
The mutual interplay of lipid metabolism and the cells of the immune system in relation to atherosclerosis.
Authors: Getz GS, Reardon CA
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammation in the arterial wall involving cells of the innate and adaptive immune system that is promoted by hyperlipidemia. In addition, the immune system can influence lipids and lipoprotein levels and cellular lipid homeostasis can influence the level and function of the immune cells. We will review the effects of manipulation of adaptive immune cells and immune cell products on lipids and lipoproteins, focusing mainly on studies performed in murine models of atherosclerosis. We also review how lipoproteins and cellular lipid levels, p...
Source: Clinical Lipidology - September 22, 2015 Category: Lipidology Tags: Clin Lipidol Source Type: research
Harnessing the power of yeast to elucidate the role of sphingolipids in metabolic and signaling processes pertinent to psychiatric disorders.
Authors: Jadhav S, Greenberg ML
Abstract
The development of therapies for neuropsychiatric disorders is hampered by the lack of understanding of the mechanisms underlying their pathologies. While aberrant sphingolipid metabolism is associated with psychiatric illness, the role of sphingolipids in these disorders is not understood. The genetically tractable yeast model can be exploited in order to elucidate the cellular consequences of sphingolipid perturbation. Hypotheses generated from studies in yeast and tested in mammalian cells may contribute to our understanding of the role of sphingolipids in psychi...
Source: Clinical Lipidology - September 22, 2015 Category: Lipidology Tags: Clin Lipidol Source Type: research
Novel method for reducing plasma cholesterol: a ligand replacement therapy.
We describe here a novel method that replaces apoE as a ligand to clear all of the atherogenic lipoproteins via the heparin sulfate proteoglycans pathway. This ligand replacement apoE mimetic peptide therapy, having been designated as an orphan drug by the US FDA, is in clinical trials.
PMID: 25937835 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Clinical Lipidology)
Source: Clinical Lipidology - September 22, 2015 Category: Lipidology Tags: Clin Lipidol Source Type: research
Lipoprotein effects of incretin analogs and dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors.
Authors: Zhong J, Maiseyeu A, Rajagopalan S
Abstract
Elevated post-prandial lipoprotein levels are common in patients with type 2 diabetes. Post-prandial lipoprotein alterations in type 2 diabetics are widely believed to drive inflammation and are considered a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease in diabetic patients. The incretins glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose insulinotropic peptide (GIP) modulate post-prandial lipoproteins through a multitude of pathways that are independent of insulin and weight loss. Evidence from both animal models and humans seems to suggest an important effect ...
Source: Clinical Lipidology - September 22, 2015 Category: Lipidology Tags: Clin Lipidol Source Type: research
