Role of preadipocyte factor 1 in adipocyte differentiation.
Authors: Wang Y, Hudak C, Sul HS
Abstract
Preadipocyte factor 1 (Pref-1) is an EGF-repeat-containing transmembrane protein that inhibits adipogenesis. The extracellular domain of Pref-1 is cleaved by TNF-α converting enzyme to generate the biologically active soluble form of Pref-1. The role of Pref-1 in adipogenesis has been firmly established by in vitro and in vivo studies. Pref-1 activates ERK/MAPK and upregulates Sox9 expression to inhibit adipocyte differentiation. Sox9 directly binds to the promoter regions of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-β and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-δ in order to suppr...
Source: Clinical Lipidology - September 22, 2015 Category: Lipidology Tags: Clin Lipidol Source Type: research
Gene therapy for dyslipidemia: a review of gene replacement and gene inhibition strategies.
This article summarizes current strategies being pursued for the development of clinical gene therapy for dyslipidemias that cannot effectively be treated with existing drugs.
PMID: 22505953 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Clinical Lipidology)
Source: Clinical Lipidology - September 22, 2015 Category: Lipidology Tags: Clin Lipidol Source Type: research
Thromboxane and the thromboxane receptor in cardiovascular disease.
Authors: Smyth EM
Abstract
Thromboxane A(2) (TXA(2)), the primary product of COX-1-dependent metabolism of arachidonic acid, mediates its biological actions through the TXA(2) receptor, termed the TP. Irreversible inhibition of platelet COX-1-derived TXA(2) with low-dose aspirin affords protection against primary and secondary vascular thrombotic events, underscoring the central role of TXA(2) as a platelet agonist in cardiovascular disease. The limitations associated with aspirin use include significant gastrointestinal toxicity, bleeding complications, potential interindividual response variability and p...
Source: Clinical Lipidology - September 22, 2015 Category: Lipidology Tags: Clin Lipidol Source Type: research
Mechanisms of lipase maturation.
This article focuses on an evolutionarily related family of extracellular lipases that include lipoprotein lipase, hepatic lipase and endothelial lipase. As newly synthesized proteins, these lipases undergo a series of co- and post-translational maturation steps occurring in the endoplasmic reticulum, including glycosylation and glycan processing, and protein folding and subunit assembly. This article identifies and discusses mechanisms that direct early and late events in lipase folding and assembly. Lipase maturation employs the two general chaperone systems operating in the endoplasmic reticulum, as well as a recently i...
Source: Clinical Lipidology - September 22, 2015 Category: Lipidology Tags: Clin Lipidol Source Type: research
Lipoproteins and lipoprotein metabolism in periodontal disease.
This article summarizes the evidence that suggests periodontitis shifts the lipoprotein profile to be more proatherogenic. LDL-C is elevated in periodontitis and most studies indicate that triglyceride levels are also increased. By contrast, antiatherogenic HDL tends to be low in periodontitis. Periodontal therapy tends to shift lipoprotein levels to a healthier profile and also reduces subclinical indices of atherosclerosis. In summary, periodontal disease alters lipoprotein metabolism in ways that could promote atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease.
PMID: 20835400 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source:...
Source: Clinical Lipidology - September 22, 2015 Category: Lipidology Tags: Clin Lipidol Source Type: research
GPIHBP1 and the processing of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins.
Authors: Beigneux AP
Abstract
GPIHBP1 is a new addition to a group of proteins required for the lipolysis of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. GPIHBP1 contains an acidic domain and an Ly6 domain with ten cysteines. GPIHBP1 binds lipoprotein lipase (LPL) avidly and likely tethers LPL to the luminal surface of capillaries.Inactivation of Gpihbp1 in mice is associated with milky plasma and severe chylomicronemia, even on a low-fat chow diet. Recently, four missense mutations in GPIHBP1 were identified in humans with severe chylomicronemia (C65Y, C65S, C68G, and Q115P). All four mutations involve highly conserve...
Source: Clinical Lipidology - September 22, 2015 Category: Lipidology Tags: Clin Lipidol Source Type: research
Role of long-chain and very-long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in macular degenerations and dystrophies.
This article systematically summarizes the roles of LCPUFAs and VLCPUFAs in AMD and STGD3, and discusses future research directions.
PMID: 25324899 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Clinical Lipidology)
Source: Clinical Lipidology - September 22, 2015 Category: Lipidology Tags: Clin Lipidol Source Type: research
The ACCORD-Lipid study: implications for treatment of dyslipidemia in Type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Authors: Elam M, Lovato L, Ginsberg H
Abstract
Patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are at high risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD). Treatment of diabetic dyslipidemia, comprised mainly of hypertriglyceridemia, and low HDL-C, with either statin or fibrate monotherapy, is moderately effective at reversing the abnormal lipid levels, but does not completely reverse the risk of CVD. Combination therapy with a statin and fibrate more effectively treats diabetic dyslipidemia; however, neither the impact on CVD risk nor the safety profile of statin-fibrate combined treatment had been tested i...
Source: Clinical Lipidology - September 22, 2015 Category: Lipidology Tags: Clin Lipidol Source Type: research
Lipid oxidation by hypochlorous acid: chlorinated lipids in atherosclerosis and myocardial ischemia.
This article addresses the pathways for the synthesis of these lipids and their biological targets.
PMID: 21339854 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Clinical Lipidology)
Source: Clinical Lipidology - September 22, 2015 Category: Lipidology Tags: Clin Lipidol Source Type: research
Niemann-Pick type C pathogenesis and treatment: from statins to sugars.
Authors: Madra M, Sturley SL
Abstract
The isolation of the causative genes for Niemann-Pick type C disease, a panethnic lysosomal lipid storage disorder, has provided models of how sterols and other lipids such as glycosphingolipids traverse the membranes of eukaryotic cells. Unfortunately, these molecular advances have yet to reciprocate with a cure for this devastating neurodegenerative disorder where neuronal replenishment will most likely yield the greatest benefit. In the meantime, stabilizing treatment strategies based on the removal of presumably toxic metabolites are in place. For example, the smal...
Source: Clinical Lipidology - September 22, 2015 Category: Lipidology Tags: Clin Lipidol Source Type: research
Apolipoproteins in the brain: implications for neurological and psychiatric disorders.
Authors: Elliott DA, Weickert CS, Garner B
Abstract
The brain is the most lipid-rich organ in the body and, owing to the impermeable nature of the blood-brain barrier, lipid and lipoprotein metabolism within this organ is distinct from the rest of the body. Apolipoproteins play a well-established role in the transport and metabolism of lipids within the CNS; however, evidence is emerging that they also fulfill a number of functions that extend beyond lipid transport and are critical for healthy brain function. The importance of apolipoproteins in brain physiology is highlighted by genetic studies, where ap...
Source: Clinical Lipidology - September 22, 2015 Category: Lipidology Tags: Clin Lipidol Source Type: research
The structural and functional role of myelin fast-migrating cerebrosides: pathological importance in multiple sclerosis.
Authors: Podbielska M, Levery SB, Hogan EL
Abstract
A family of neutral glycosphingolipids containing a 3-O-acetyl-sphingosine galactosylceramide (3-SAG) has been characterized. Seven new derivatives of galactosylceramide (GalCer), designated as fast-migrating cerebrosides (FMCs) by TLC retention factor, have been identified. The simplest compounds - FMC-1 and FMC-2 - of this series have been characterized as the 3-SAG containing nonhydroxy and hydroxy fatty acyl, respectively. The next two - FMC-3 and FMC-4 - add 6-O-acetyl-galactose and the most complex glycosphingolipids, FMC-5, -6 and -7, are 2,3,4,6-t...
Source: Clinical Lipidology - September 22, 2015 Category: Lipidology Tags: Clin Lipidol Source Type: research
Mammalian diseases of phosphatidylinositol transfer proteins and their homologs.
Authors: Nile AH, Bankaitis VA, Grabon A
Abstract
Inositol and phosphoinositide signaling pathways represent major regulatory systems in eukaryotes. The physiological importance of these pathways is amply demonstrated by the variety of diseases that involve derangements in individual steps in inositide and phosphoinositide production and degradation. These diseases include numerous cancers, lipodystrophies and neurological syndromes. Phosphatidylinositol transfer proteins (PITPs) are emerging as fascinating regulators of phosphoinositide metabolism. Recent advances identify PITPs (and PITP-like proteins) t...
Source: Clinical Lipidology - September 22, 2015 Category: Lipidology Tags: Clin Lipidol Source Type: research
Caveolae and lipid trafficking in adipocytes.
Authors: Pilch PF, Meshulam T, Ding S, Liu L
Abstract
The abundance of caveolae in adipocytes suggests a possible cell-specific role for these structures, and because these cells take up and release fatty acids as their quantitatively most robust activity, modulation of fatty acid movement is one such role that is supported by substantial in vitro and in vivo data. In addition, caveolae are particularly rich in cholesterol and sphingolipids, and indeed, fat cells harbor more cholesterol than any other tissue. In this article, we review the role of adipocyte caveolae with regard to these important lipid cla...
Source: Clinical Lipidology - September 22, 2015 Category: Lipidology Tags: Clin Lipidol Source Type: research
Lysosomes, cholesterol and atherosclerosis.
This article describes what is known about lysosomal sterol engorgement, discusses the possible mechanisms by which triglyceride could produce its effects, and evaluates the possible positive and negative effects of reducing the lysosomal cholesterol levels in foam cells.
PMID: 21643524 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Clinical Lipidology)
Source: Clinical Lipidology - September 22, 2015 Category: Lipidology Tags: Clin Lipidol Source Type: research
