Springer protocols feed by Infectious Diseases 
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This is an RSS file. You can use it to subscribe to this data in your favourite RSS reader or to display this data on your own website or blog.Red-Mediated Recombineering of Salmonella enterica Genomes
We describe the application of these approaches with focus on practical aspects and critical steps. (Source: Springer protocols feed by Infectious Diseases)
Source: Springer protocols feed by Infectious Diseases - September 25, 2014 Category: Infectious Diseases Source Type: news
Determination of Antimicrobial Resistance in Salmonella spp.
Infections with Salmonella are an important public health problem worldwide. Salmonella are one of the most common causes of food-borne illness in humans. There are many types of Salmonella but they can be divided into two broad categories: those that cause typhoid and those that do not. The typhoidal Salmonella (TS), such as S. enterica subsp. enterica serovars Typhi and S. Paratyphi only colonize humans and are usually acquired by the consumption of food or water contaminated with human fecal material. The much broader group of non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) usually results from improperly handled food that has been cont...
Source: Springer protocols feed by Infectious Diseases - September 25, 2014 Category: Infectious Diseases Source Type: news
Quantitative Proteomic Identification of Host Factors Involved in the Salmonella typhimurium Infection Cycle
Quantitative proteomics, based on stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture (SILAC), can be used to identify host proteins involved in the intracellular interplay with pathogens. This method allows identification of proteins subject to degradation or upregulation in response to intracellular infection. It can also be used to study intracellular dynamics (trafficking) of proteins in response to the infection. Here, we describe the analysis of changes in protein profiles determined in Golgi-enriched fractions isolated from cells that were either mock-infected or infected with Salmonella typhimurium. Using the SI...
Source: Springer protocols feed by Infectious Diseases - September 25, 2014 Category: Infectious Diseases Source Type: news
Luminex® Multiplex Bead Suspension Arrays for the Detection and Serotyping of Salmonella spp.
In this chapter we describe two commercially available bead-based molecular assays for detection, identification and serotyping of Salmonella. The xTAG® Gastrointestinal Pathogen Panel (GPP) is a qualitative multiplex test for the simultaneous detection of nucleic acids from Salmonella plus 14 other gastroenteritis-causing bacteria, viruses, and parasites from stool specimens. xTAG GPP uses the Luminex® xTAG universal array technology for the identification of specific target sequences combined with the xMAP® bead multiplexing platform for detection of the targets that were present in the starting sample. The x...
Source: Springer protocols feed by Infectious Diseases - September 25, 2014 Category: Infectious Diseases Source Type: news
Salmonella Phages and Prophages: Genomics, Taxonomy, and Applied Aspects
Since this book was originally published in 2007 there has been a significant increase in the number of Salmonella bacteriophages, particularly lytic virus, and Salmonella strains which have been fully sequenced. In addition, new insights into phage taxonomy have resulted in new phage genera, some of which have been recognized by the International Committee of Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). The properties of each of these genera are discussed, along with the role of phage as agents of genetic exchange, as therapeutic agents, and their involvement in phage typing. (Source: Springer protocols feed by Infectious Diseases)
Source: Springer protocols feed by Infectious Diseases - September 25, 2014 Category: Infectious Diseases Source Type: news
In Vitro Modeling of Gallbladder-Associated Salmonella spp. Colonization
The host–pathogen interactions occurring in the gallbladder during Salmonella Typhi colonization contribute to typhoid fever pathogenesis during the acute and chronic stages of disease. The gallbladder is the primary reservoir during chronic typhoid carriage. In this organ, Salmonella encounters host-barriers including bile, immunoglobulins, and mucus. However, the bacterium possesses mechanisms to resist and persist in this environment, in part by its ability to attach to and invade into the gallbladder epithelium. Such persistence in the gallbladder epithelium contributes to chronic carriage. In addition, patients ...
Source: Springer protocols feed by Infectious Diseases - September 25, 2014 Category: Infectious Diseases Source Type: news
Live Cell Imaging of Intracellular Salmonella enterica
During the intracellular phase of the pathogenic lifestyle, Salmonella enterica massively alters the endosomal system of its host cells. Two hallmarks are the remodeling of phagosomes into the Salmonella-containing vacuole (SCV) as a replicative niche, and the formation of tubular structures, such as Salmonella-induced filaments (SIFs). To study the dynamics and the fate of these Salmonella-specific compartments, live cell imaging (LCI) is a method of choice. In this chapter, we compare currently used microscopy techniques and focus on considerations and requirements specific for LCI. Detailed protocols for LCI of Salmonel...
Source: Springer protocols feed by Infectious Diseases - September 25, 2014 Category: Infectious Diseases Source Type: news
Applications of Microscopy in Salmonella Research
Salmonella enterica is a Gram-negative enteropathogen that can cause localized infections, typically resulting in gastroenteritis, or systemic infection, e.g., typhoid fever, in humans and many other animals. Understanding the mechanisms by which Salmonella induces disease has been the focus of intensive research. This has revealed that Salmonella invasion requires dynamic cross-talk between the microbe and host cells, in which bacterial adherence rapidly leads to a complex sequence of cellular responses initiated by proteins translocated into the host cell by a type 3 secretion system. Once these Salmonella-induced respon...
Source: Springer protocols feed by Infectious Diseases - September 25, 2014 Category: Infectious Diseases Source Type: news
Direct Attachment of Nanoparticle Cargo to Salmonella typhimurium Membranes Designed for Combination Bacteriotherapy Against Tumors
Nanoparticle technology is an emerging approach to resolve difficult-to-manage internal diseases. It is highly regarded, in particular, for medical use in treatment of cancer due to the innate ability of certain nanoparticles to accumulate in the porous environment of tumors and to be toxic to cancer cells. However, the therapeutic success of nanoparticles is limited by the technical difficulty of fully penetrating and thus attacking the tumor. Additionally, while nanoparticles possess seeming-specificity due to the unique physiological properties of tumors themselves, it is difficult to tailor the delivery of nanoparticle...
Source: Springer protocols feed by Infectious Diseases - September 25, 2014 Category: Infectious Diseases Source Type: news
Development of a Bacterial Nanoparticle Vaccine
A simple procedure for obtaining protective antigens from Gram-negative bacteria and their encapsulation into immunomodulatory nanoparticles is described. A heat treatment in saline solution of whole bacteria rendered the release of small membrane vesicles containing outer membrane components and also superficial appendages, such as fractions of fimbriae and flagella. The immunogenicity of these antigens may be improved after encapsulation into poly(anhydride) nanoparticles made from the copolymer of methyl vinyl ether and maleic anhydride (Gantrez AN®). (Source: Springer protocols feed by Infectious Diseases)
Source: Springer protocols feed by Infectious Diseases - September 25, 2014 Category: Infectious Diseases Source Type: news
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Detection of Serum or Mucosal Isotype-Specific IgG and IgA Whole-Virus Antibody to Influenza A Virus in Swine
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays can be used to detect isotype-specific anti-influenza antibodies in biological samples to characterize the porcine immune response to influenza A virus. The isotype antibody assay is based on an indirect ELISA using whole influenza virus as antigen and detection antibodies directed against porcine IgG and IgA. Samples such as serum, nasal wash, and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid allow for evaluation of systemic, upper, and lower respiratory tract mucosal antibody responses, respectively. The isotype ELISA assay is performed in a 96-well format using anti-swine detection antibodies conjugate...
Source: Springer protocols feed by Infectious Diseases - June 6, 2014 Category: Infectious Diseases Source Type: news
Hemagglutinin Inhibition Assay with Swine Sera
Hemagglutination is based on the ability of viruses such as influenza A virus to agglutinate red blood cells (RBCs) of specific animal species by formation of cross-linking lattices between RBCs. Antibodies that have the ability to inhibit the hemagglutination property of influenza A viruses are correlated with protection from infection. The hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test is a serological assay that measures the titer of specific antibodies in the sera and is the most common serological assay used to detect anti-influenza antibodies in swine sera. (Source: Springer protocols feed by Infectious Diseases)
Source: Springer protocols feed by Infectious Diseases - June 6, 2014 Category: Infectious Diseases Source Type: news
RNA Extraction from Swine Samples and Detection of Influenza A Virus in Swine by Real-Time RT-PCR
Real-time RT-PCR (rRT-PCR) assays are currently the method of choice in many laboratories for the detection and subtyping of influenza A virus (IAV) in swine. Traditionally, nasal swabs and lung tissues (sometimes broncho-alveolar lavage and tracheal tissues) are the primary specimens for IAV testing. However, oral fluids are becoming more common for IAV prognostic profiling. In this chapter, we describe (1) procedures of RNA extraction from the common clinical specimens, (2) two rRT-PCR assays for detection of IAV in swine, and (3) an rRT-PCR assay for subtyping swine IAV. RNA extraction procedures include a magnetic bead...
Source: Springer protocols feed by Infectious Diseases - June 6, 2014 Category: Infectious Diseases Source Type: news
Isolation of Swine Influenza Virus in Cell Cultures and Embryonated Chicken Eggs
Influenza virus isolation is a procedure to obtain a live and infectious virus that can be used for antigenic characterization, pathogenesis investigation, and vaccine production. Embryonated chicken egg inoculation is traditionally considered the “gold standard” method for influenza virus isolation and propagation. However, many primary cells and continuous cell lines have also been examined or developed for influenza virus isolation and replication. Specifically, swine influenza virus (SIV) isolation and propagation have been attempted and compared in embryonated chicken eggs, some primary porcine cells, and ...
Source: Springer protocols feed by Infectious Diseases - June 6, 2014 Category: Infectious Diseases Source Type: news
Sample Types, Collection, and Transport for Influenza A Viruses of Swine
Detection of influenza A virus (IAV), viral antigen, nucleic acid, or antibodies in swine is dependent upon the collection of the appropriate sample type, the quality of the sample, and the proper storage and handling of the sample. The diagnostic tests to be performed should be considered prior to sample collection. Sera are acceptable samples for ELISA or hemagglutination inhibition tests, but not for real-time RT-PCR. Likewise, swabs and/or tissues are acceptable for real-time RT-PCR and virus isolation. The sample type will also depend on the age of swine that are being tested; oral fluids can be successfully collected...
Source: Springer protocols feed by Infectious Diseases - June 6, 2014 Category: Infectious Diseases Source Type: news
