Seasonal and geographical differences in aflatoxin exposures in Senegal
The aim of the study was to determine the geographical and seasonal variations in aflatoxin dietary exposure levels in adults from Senegal. A total of 168 adults (50% male) were recruited from three districts: Nioro du Rip (n=90), located in the Sudan Savannah agro-ecological zone where rainfall is sufficient for groundnut growth; Saint-Louis (n=40) and Mboro (n=38), located in the Sahel zone where groundnuts are produced under irrigated conditions. Diet information and samples were collected at groundnut harvest and post-harvest seasons. Plasma aflatoxin-albumin adducts (AF-alb) and total aflatoxin in household groundnut ...
Source: World Mycotoxin Journal - February 4, 2015 Category: Toxicology Tags: World Mycotoxin Journal Source Type: research
Foreword
Content Type Journal ArticleCategory ForewordPages 1-3DOI 10.3920/WMJ2015.x001Authors
Hans P. van Egmond
Journal World Mycotoxin JournalOnline ISSN 1875-0796Print ISSN 1875-0710
Journal Volume Volume 8
Journal Issue Volume 8, Number 1 / 2015 (Source: World Mycotoxin Journal)
Source: World Mycotoxin Journal - January 28, 2015 Category: Toxicology Tags: World Mycotoxin Journal Source Type: research
Developments in mycotoxin analysis: an update for 2013-2014
This review highlights developments in the determination of mycotoxins over a period between mid-2013 and mid-2014. It continues in the format of the previous articles of this series, emphasising on analytical methods to determine aflatoxins, Alternaria toxins, ergot alkaloids, fumonisins, ochratoxins, patulin, trichothecenes and zearalenone. The importance of proper sampling and sample preparation is briefly addressed in a dedicated section, while another chapter summarises new methods used to analyse botanicals and spices. As LC-MS/MS instruments are becoming more and more widespread in the determination of multiple clas...
Source: World Mycotoxin Journal - January 28, 2015 Category: Toxicology Tags: World Mycotoxin Journal Source Type: research
Foreword: aflatoxins in maize and other crops
Content Type Journal ArticleCategory ForewordPages 135-136DOI 10.3920/WMJ2015.x002Authors
Robert L. Brown, USDA-ARS, New Orleans, LA, USADeepak Bhatnagar, Food and Feed Safety, USDA-ARS, New Orleans, LA, USA
Journal World Mycotoxin JournalOnline ISSN 1875-0796Print ISSN 1875-0710
Journal Volume Volume 8
Journal Issue Volume 8, Number 2 / 2015 (Source: World Mycotoxin Journal)
Source: World Mycotoxin Journal - January 28, 2015 Category: Toxicology Tags: World Mycotoxin Journal Source Type: research
Developments in detection and determination of aflatoxins
Since the discovery of aflatoxins in the 1960s, much research has focused on detecting the toxins in contaminated food and feedstuffs in the interest of public safety. Most traditional detection methods involved lengthy culturing and/or separation techniques or analytical instrumentation and complex, multistep procedures that required destruction of samples for accurate toxin determination. With more regulations for acceptable levels of aflatoxins in place, modern analytical methods have become quite sophisticated, capable of achieving results with very high precision and accuracy, suitable for regulatory laboratories and ...
Source: World Mycotoxin Journal - January 28, 2015 Category: Toxicology Tags: World Mycotoxin Journal Source Type: research
Bovine hepatic differential gene expression in response to perennial ryegrass staggers
The objective of this study was to characterise differential gene expression in the liver of animals fed lolitrem B-containing feed over an extended period of time. Eighteen steers were fed one of three rations (n=6/group) containing lolitrem B (247, 1,554 or 2,256 μg/kg (dry matter basis)) over 64 days in a double-blind study. Microarray and confirmatory qPCR were performed to evaluate the hepatic gene expression profile from biopsies taken on days 0 and 64. Widespread perturbation of gene expression was observed in all groups receiving lolitrem B, with a total of 152 differential genes identified (false discovery rate â...
Source: World Mycotoxin Journal - January 21, 2015 Category: Toxicology Tags: World Mycotoxin Journal Source Type: research
Dynamic changes of global DNA methylation and hypermethylation of cell adhesion-related genes in rat kidneys in response to ochratoxin A
Ochratoxin A (OTA), which is found in a variety of food products, is associated with the development of nephrotoxicity and carcinogenicity in rats and has raised public health concerns. A previous study in our laboratory indicated that OTA exposure induced cytotoxicity by decreasing global DNA methylation in vitro. However, the relationship between OTA-induced nephrotoxicity and DNA methylation changes in vivo remains unclear. The object of this study was to investigate whether OTA can change global DNA methylation or alter the expression of several critical tumour-related genes by inducing methylation modifications before...
Source: World Mycotoxin Journal - January 21, 2015 Category: Toxicology Tags: World Mycotoxin Journal Source Type: research
Effect of fungicide application to control Fusarium head blight and 20 Fusarium and Alternaria mycotoxins in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
Azole fungicides have been reported to be the most effective active substances in the control of Fusarium Head Blight (FHB) and in the reduction of the main mycotoxins that occur in cereal grain, such as deoxynivalenol (DON). Four field experiments have been conducted in North West Italy, over a period of 2 growing seasons, in order to evaluate the effect of azole fungicide (prothioconazole) applications on the prevalence of emerging mycotoxins in common winter wheat under naturally-infected field conditions. Wheat samples have been analysed by means of a dilute-and-shoot multi-mycotoxin LC-MS/MS method. Twenty fungal meta...
Source: World Mycotoxin Journal - January 9, 2015 Category: Toxicology Tags: World Mycotoxin Journal Source Type: research
Mycotoxins and other fungal metabolites in grain dust from Norwegian grain elevators and compound feed mills
Employees at grain elevators and compound feed mills are exposed to large amounts of grain dust during work, frequently leading to airway symptoms and asthma. Although the exposure to grain dust, microorganisms, β-1→3-glucans and endotoxins has been extensively studied, the focus on the mycotoxin content of grain dust has previously been limited to one or few mycotoxins. Our objective was therefore to screen settled grain dust from grain elevators and compound feed mills for fungal metabolites by LC/MS-MS and explore differences between work places, seasons and climatic zones. Seventy fungal metabolites and two bacteria...
Source: World Mycotoxin Journal - December 8, 2014 Category: Toxicology Tags: World Mycotoxin Journal Source Type: research
Stenocarpella maydis and its toxic metabolites: a South African perspective on diplodiosis
Stenocarpella maydis is one of the most prevalent ear and stalk rot pathogens of maize globally, causing reductions of grain quality and yield. Various molecular methods, including polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based techniques and nucleotide microarrays, have been developed for the identification of S. maydis infestation in maize grain. In addition to diplodiatoxin, new metabolites, namely dipmatol, diplonine and chaetoglobosins K and L, have been isolated from S. maydis infected cultures. S. maydis infected maize is also associated with intoxication in ruminants. Diplodiosis, a nervous disorder of cattle and sheep, res...
Source: World Mycotoxin Journal - December 8, 2014 Category: Toxicology Tags: World Mycotoxin Journal Source Type: research
In vitro zearalenone adsorption by a mixture of organic and inorganic adsorbents: application of the Box Behnken approach
Zearalenone (ZEA) adsorption by a mixture of organic (yeast cell wall) and inorganic (activated charcoal) adsorbents was evaluated by an incomplete Box Behnken (33) statistical design with a quintuplicate at the central point. The variables analysed were different ratios of adsorbents (yeast cell wall and activated charcoal) at 100:0, 87.5:12.5 and 75:25, pH (3.0, 4.5 and 6.0) and ZEA concentrations (300, 750 and 1,200 ng/ml). The adsorbent mixture at 75:25 showed higher efficiency for ZEA adsorption (≯96.1%) than the 87.5:12.5 ratio (81.3 to 93.7%) and with the pure yeast cell wall (78.1 to 55.7%). The significant varia...
Source: World Mycotoxin Journal - December 8, 2014 Category: Toxicology Tags: World Mycotoxin Journal Source Type: research
Exposure of Aspergillus fumigatus to T-2 toxin results in a stress response associated with exacerbation of aspergillosis in poultry
In conclusion, A. fumigatus is capable of surviving and growing on substrates containing levels of T-2 up to 1000 ng/ml. Growth in presence of T-2 induces a stress response in A. fumigatus, which is associated with exacerbation of aspergillosis in vivo.
Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Research-ArticlePages 1-11DOI 10.3920/WMJ2014.1765Authors
S.-J. Li, Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, BelgiumM. Dhaenens, Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Harelb...
Source: World Mycotoxin Journal - December 8, 2014 Category: Toxicology Tags: World Mycotoxin Journal Source Type: research
Post-harvest management of aflatoxin contamination in groundnut
Aflatoxin contamination in groundnut by Aspergillus section Flavi is a major pre- and post-harvest problem causing kernel-quality loss. Post-harvest aflatoxin contamination is caused initially by infestation of aflatoxigenic strains at the pre-harvest stage, resulting in reduced kernel quality after harvest. Improper handling of pods and storage methods after harvest lead to high moisture and ambient temperatures, directly causing aflatoxin contamination. In this review, we report the extent of post-harvest contamination along the groundnut value chain in the Kolokani, Kayes, and Kita districts of Mali in West Africa. Grou...
Source: World Mycotoxin Journal - December 8, 2014 Category: Toxicology Tags: World Mycotoxin Journal Source Type: research
In vitro removal of deoxynivalenol by a mixture of organic and inorganic adsorbents
The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a mixture of inorganic (activated carbon) and organic (yeast cell wall) adsorbents on in vitro removal of deoxynivalenol (DON). The study was carried out using a 24 incomplete factorial design with three replications at the central point, totalling 11 experiments. The independent variables were pH (3.0, 5.0 and 7.0), adsorbent concentration (0.2, 1.1 and 2.0%), DON concentration (2,500, 5,000 and 7,500 ng/ml) and ratio of activated carbon and yeast cell wall (0:100, 15:85 and 30:70), evaluated at 30, 60 and 90 min incubation periods. The highest percentage of adso...
Source: World Mycotoxin Journal - December 2, 2014 Category: Toxicology Tags: World Mycotoxin Journal Source Type: research
Fungal metabolites diversity in maize and associated human dietary exposures relate to micro-climatic patterns in Malawi
This study investigated the diversity of fungal metabolites in maize across four agro-ecological zones of Malawi. A total of 90 maize samples (for human consumption), collected from farmsteads, were analysed for 235 fungal metabolites using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. A total of 65 metabolites were found in the samples. 75% of samples from the hottest agro-ecological zone contained either aflatoxins, fumonisins, deoxynivalenol, zearalenone; or a combination thereof in levels exceeding European Union (EU) maximum levels, whereas the related fraction was only 17% in the cool temperature zone. Aflatoxins, ...
Source: World Mycotoxin Journal - December 2, 2014 Category: Toxicology Tags: World Mycotoxin Journal Source Type: research
