A Dual Model of Leadership and Hierarchy: Evolutionary Synthesis
Publication date: Available online 16 October 2019Source: Trends in Cognitive SciencesAuthor(s): Mark Van Vugt, Jennifer E. SmithFrom the popularity of authoritarian political leaders to the under-representation of women in boardrooms, leadership is an important theme in current human social affairs. Leadership is also a prominent research topic in the biological, social, and cognitive sciences. However, these active literatures have evolved somewhat independently and there is a need for synthesis. A comparative-evolutionary approach can integrate seemingly divergent perspectives by making a distinction between two leader...
Source: Trends in Cognitive Sciences - October 17, 2019 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
Weber’s Law: A Mechanistic Foundation after Two Centuries
Publication date: Available online 17 October 2019Source: Trends in Cognitive SciencesAuthor(s): Jeroen Brus, Joseph A. Heng, Rafael PolaníaWeber’s law appears to be a universal principle describing how we discriminate between physical magnitudes. However, this law remained purely descriptive for nearly two centuries. A study by Pardo-Vazquez et al. finally provides a mechanistic explanation, revealing how both accuracy and reaction-time performance lawfully emerge during sensory discrimination tasks. (Source: Trends in Cognitive Sciences)
Source: Trends in Cognitive Sciences - October 17, 2019 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
How Efficiency Shapes Human Language
Publication date: Available online 14 October 2019Source: Trends in Cognitive SciencesAuthor(s): Edward Gibson, Richard Futrell, Steven T. Piantadosi, Isabelle Dautriche, Kyle Mahowald, Leon Bergen, Roger Levy (Source: Trends in Cognitive Sciences)
Source: Trends in Cognitive Sciences - October 15, 2019 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
Neural Entrainment and Attentional Selection in the Listening Brain
Publication date: Available online 9 October 2019Source: Trends in Cognitive SciencesAuthor(s): Jonas Obleser, Christoph KayserThe streams of sounds we typically attend to abound in acoustic regularities. Neural entrainment is seen as an important mechanism that the listening brain exploits to attune to these regularities and to enhance the representation of attended sounds. We delineate the neurophysiology underlying this mechanism and review entrainment alongside its more pragmatic signature, often called ‘speech tracking’. The latter has become a popular analytical approach to trace the reflection of acoustic and li...
Source: Trends in Cognitive Sciences - October 10, 2019 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
Cracking Down on Complexity in the Evolving Brain
Publication date: Available online 7 October 2019Source: Trends in Cognitive SciencesAuthor(s): Jessica C. Burkhart, Sarah R. HeilbronnerLouail et al. analyzed the brains of five primate species to determine factors driving size differences. In addition to analyzing the volume of the whole brain, they considered specific brain regions. In doing so, they linked the size of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex with foraging complexity across species. (Source: Trends in Cognitive Sciences)
Source: Trends in Cognitive Sciences - October 9, 2019 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
Mnemonic Similarity Task: A Tool for Assessing Hippocampal Integrity
Publication date: Available online 6 October 2019Source: Trends in Cognitive SciencesAuthor(s): Shauna M. Stark, C. Brock Kirwan, Craig E.L. StarkThe hippocampus is critical for learning and memory, relying in part on pattern separation processes supported by the dentate gyrus (DG) to prevent interference from overlapping memory representations. In 2007, we designed the Mnemonic Similarity Task (MST), a modified object recognition memory task, to be highly sensitive to hippocampal function by placing strong demands on pattern separation. The MST is now a widely used behavioral task, repeatedly shown to be sensitive to age-...
Source: Trends in Cognitive Sciences - October 7, 2019 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
Experience-Driven Auditory Attention
Publication date: Available online 11 September 2019Source: Trends in Cognitive SciencesAuthor(s): Douglas A. Addleman, Yuhong V. JiangIn addition to conscious goals and stimulus salience, an observer’s prior experience also influences selective attention. Early studies demonstrated experience-driven effects on attention mainly in the visual modality, but increasing evidence shows that experience drives auditory selection as well. We review evidence for a multiple-levels framework of auditory attention, in which experience-driven attention relies on mechanisms that acquire control settings and mechanisms that guide atten...
Source: Trends in Cognitive Sciences - September 12, 2019 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
Editorial Board
Publication date: October 2019Source: Trends in Cognitive Sciences, Volume 23, Issue 10Author(s): (Source: Trends in Cognitive Sciences)
Source: Trends in Cognitive Sciences - September 11, 2019 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
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Publication date: October 2019Source: Trends in Cognitive Sciences, Volume 23, Issue 10Author(s): (Source: Trends in Cognitive Sciences)
Source: Trends in Cognitive Sciences - September 11, 2019 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
The Climate Crisis Needs Attention from Cognitive Scientists
Publication date: Available online 3 September 2019Source: Trends in Cognitive SciencesAuthor(s): Adam R. AronTo prevent the devastating consequences of anthropogenic global heating, immediate collective action is needed to reduce fossil fuel emissions. Cognitive scientists are in a special position to facilitate collective action by researching the factors underlying belief and action, and by teaching students how to think about the biggest problem of their lives. (Source: Trends in Cognitive Sciences)
Source: Trends in Cognitive Sciences - September 5, 2019 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
When Do Growth Mindset Interventions Work?
Publication date: Available online 4 September 2019Source: Trends in Cognitive SciencesAuthor(s): David I. MillerCan teaching students about brain plasticity improve their grades? A recent large, national experiment (Yeager et al.) found that a brief growth mindset intervention improved lower-achieving adolescents’ grades by 0.10 points. Debate about interpreting the study’s findings illustrates the need to consider effect heterogeneity and contextual factors when evaluating effect sizes. (Source: Trends in Cognitive Sciences)
Source: Trends in Cognitive Sciences - September 5, 2019 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
Where Does Value Come From?
Publication date: Available online 4 September 2019Source: Trends in Cognitive SciencesAuthor(s): Keno Juechems, Christopher SummerfieldThe computational framework of reinforcement learning (RL) has allowed us to both understand biological brains and build successful artificial agents. However, in this opinion, we highlight open challenges for RL as a model of animal behaviour in natural environments. We ask how the external reward function is designed for biological systems, and how we can account for the context sensitivity of valuation. We summarise both old and new theories proposing that animals track current and desi...
Source: Trends in Cognitive Sciences - September 5, 2019 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
Consciousness Is Not Key in the Serial-versus-Parallel Debate
Publication date: Available online 30 August 2019Source: Trends in Cognitive SciencesAuthor(s): Joshua Snell, Jonathan Grainger (Source: Trends in Cognitive Sciences)
Source: Trends in Cognitive Sciences - September 1, 2019 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
You Can’t Recognize Two Words Simultaneously
Publication date: Available online 30 August 2019Source: Trends in Cognitive SciencesAuthor(s): Alex L. White, Geoffrey M. Boynton, Jason D. Yeatman (Source: Trends in Cognitive Sciences)
Source: Trends in Cognitive Sciences - September 1, 2019 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
Eye Movements and Comprehension Are Important to Reading
Publication date: Available online 30 August 2019Source: Trends in Cognitive SciencesAuthor(s): Elizabeth R. Schotter, Brennan R. Payne (Source: Trends in Cognitive Sciences)
Source: Trends in Cognitive Sciences - September 1, 2019 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
